A logging site is a place prepared for felling in accordance with the law. Logging is strictly regulated by the state. It can be associated with natural, sanitary cleaning, procurement work, the creation of stocks of certain types of wood, such as timber or ship timber.
Circle, square or stripe
A forest plot prepared for felling performs the following important functions in the national economy:
- cutting carried out in connection with the reconstruction of forest areas;
- planned felling according to main industrial use;
- sanitary felling or forest maintenance.
All clearcut areas are protected or marked with signs, sights or natural boundaries.
A logging site is a section of a forest stand, the felling of which is carried out according to certain rules.
At the same time, the development of arrays provides for their division into operational parts or plots withannual processing of volumes in the amount that corresponds to the annual growth and maturation of wood, depending on the desired assortment.
- So, wood used for firewood must mature for 25 years.
- Seventy year old trees are used for construction.
- Ship grade is suitable for felling not earlier than at the age of 100 and 120 years.
In addition to taking into account the age of the tree, Russian legislation regulates the regulations for the placement of cutting areas on the planned area, the possibility of consuming raw materials per year; allowable plot areas and felling directions.
Usually, a large area of the site is delimited into plots, this is done for the convenience of logging using certain technologies.
Most often, cutting areas are rectangular. This form is the most convenient for organizing work. The shape of the cutting area, provided that the area is the same, often determines both the length of the borders and the adjoining wall of the forest stand, which ensures further seeding of the devastated areas.
When determining the configuration of cutting areas, the natural features of the place, the presence of ravines, streams, hills are taken into account. Such accounting is called the taxation section of the cutting area, it provides accounting and control over the felling of trees.
Don't trust the paper, trust your eyes
Rosleskhoz approved the rules for timber harvesting (Order No. 337 of 2011-01-08). It establishes the obligation to inspect logging sites as future places for cutting trees in all areas that are in use on the rightslease or perpetual consumption.
As a rule, such an inspection should take place during a snowless period, but no later than two months from the end of the blanks.
In case of violation of the deadlines established by the order, the forestry is obliged to confirm the objective reasons for the violations: bad weather, difficulties with travel to the place of harvesting. In case of objective obstacles and closing of passages to the felling object, it is necessary to take a photo or attach certificates of weather conditions at the time of inspection of the sites.
The presence of explanatory documents will allow you to avoid fines for violating the inspection deadlines established by paragraph 64 of the Order of the Federal Forestry Service.
On the plains or on the hills
In accordance with the Rules approved by Order No. 184 of Rosleskhoz of 2007, the size of cutting areas should not exceed their limit values established by the mentioned document, taking into account the fact that a cutting area is a cutting area. In this case, the width corresponds to the length of the short side. Partitions of incorrect configuration are taken away for felling as a whole.
Exploitation forests are intended for felling of mature and overmature plantations with small allotments within them of small plots of mature forest stands, with a total area of no more than three hectares.
The area of cutting areas of mature and overmature forest stands intended for clear-cutting should not exceed 50 hectares.
In areas leased for harvesting purposes, the cutting area may be increased, butno more than one and a half times. The limitation is related to ensuring a rational approach to felling the forest, preserving its structure and environment-forming system.
At the same time, the maximum width of clear-cutting in production areas should be 500 meters for coniferous and softwood species, while with a maximum total area of 50 hectares. At the same time, it is taken into account that the terms of adjoining soft tree species are 4 years, for coniferous species (pine, fir, spruce) - 6 years.
For selective felling of overmature plantations, the total area is 100 hectares, for long-term and evenly-gradual felling - 50 hectares, for strip cutting the area is 30 hectares.
Time costs
When carrying out sanitary felling or maintenance of the massif, the standard time spent on the planned allocation of cutting areas is applied. They are approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of September 19, 1995, No. 53.
Standard costs for allotment of harvesting area include:
- time spent on cutting the sights, determining the boundaries of the cutting area;
- measuring work with a measuring metal tape along the boundary sights;
- production and installation of signposts;
- recalculation of trees by continuous and tape method.
The standard time for a spruce-fir stand is about 93 man-hours. And, for example, the estimated time required for the removal of a rectangular cutting area of 10 hectares under the same natural conditions is 54 man-hours.
Unfortunately, cutting area technology does not always obey arithmetic figures.
Often, the estimated time of the standards does not include the time spent on overcoming weather factors or adverse working conditions.
The time costs required to deliver workers to the felling sites are also not calculated, sometimes these costs may exceed the time of direct removal work.
Arithmetic and material
After the allotment is made and the taxation is carried out, they begin to evaluate the cutting area. It is divided into two types: material and monetary.
The material assessment of the cutting area is the determination of the amount of wood for felling. At this stage, its assortment is also determined, divided into business, large, small or medium, and waste accounting.
The monetary value of a cutting area is expressed in the planning and calculation of the cost of wood according to existing rates, with a possible amendment in the future at the time of harvesting.
Using tables to make calculations right
The main thing is to correctly determine the material component of felling. For this, special tables are used.
To conduct an assessment using assortment tables, you will need:
- outline and field log of cutting area;
- sheet, which takes into account tree species, their thickness and quality by wood category;
- measurements of heights by wood species indicated in the digit tables.
For accounting using bit tablesrequired:
- cutting site plan;
- estimate list of the entire stand;
- indicators of tree heights from the bit table.
According to the results, a statement or a reference table of the material assessment of the cutting area is compiled.
Dachshunds vary
The monetary value of a cutting area is derived using the rates calculated for each plot or cutting quarter within one forest area.
Opposite the category of wood, the corresponding fee is affixed, calculated per one cubic meter. After that, the price per cubic meter is multiplied by the volume of felled trees, taking into account taxes for the calculated assortment, waste and firewood.
In order to confirm the legality of the origin of wood, they receive an FSC certificate. Obtaining such a sign guarantees confirmation of the legal use of the forest fund for logging purposes.
Market and ecology
In order to successfully trade industrial timber on the international market, it is imperative to comply with the environmental rules of timber harvesting, because the cutting area is the future space for the revival of young forests
The fact is that environmentally sensitive wood markets have recently formed, in which for a full-fledged trade, certificates confirming the legality and environmental friendliness of logging are required.
As they say - nothing personal, concern for the ozone layer of the planets, and not competition, as some people think. The soonerour forestry enterprises will begin to receive such certificates, the more successfully the logging industry will operate in the interests of the national economy in the future.
