The history of the stock market goes far into the past. Already in the 13th-14th centuries, bill markets and periodic fairs were actively working. They act as a kind of prototype of the modern securities market. The first operations carried out with securities took place in the 16th century, it was then that the first exchanges began to appear in Lyon and Antwerp. The stock exchange and the stock market in the modern sense were established at the end of the 16th century, in parallel with the emergence of joint-stock companies.
An excursion into history and an introduction to the concept of the stock market
The oldest is the stock exchange in Amsterdam, which began operating in 1611. It was she who became the first place where margin operations and futures REPO and DEPO transactions were practiced. The culmination of the development of the international stock market was the opening of the New York Stock Exchange. It was here that the first investment mechanisms in history were developed and put into practice for the first time. It became the basis for the formation of multibillion-dollar financial empires, in particular Rockefeller.
The stock market is a part of the capital market that lends itself toregulation, which provides an opportunity to trade securities not only on the exchange market, but also on the over-the-counter market. Consequently, the concepts of "stock market" and "securities market" are by and large synonymous. The international stock market is a set of markets of all countries that are integrated into a single whole and allow financial manipulations with securities. It can be concluded that the international stock market is nothing more than an integral part of the world capital market, which, in tandem with the money market, is, in fact, a global financial system.
Who takes part in the life of the market and what operations are carried out on it
The global stock market belongs to the category of supranational structures. It integrates the stock markets of all world states. At a time when either individuals or legal entities act as participants in domestic markets, states themselves are represented as participants in trade on the international platform. Almost all participants in the global economy have access to the platform, and their location does not affect this fact, which automatically makes the market both global and universal.
The stock market is to some extent a tandem of financial institutions. These are transnational companies, and international stock exchanges, and brokerage houses, and dealers, and government agencies, and financial institutions. Institutions such as banks, insurance agencies, state financial institutions also take part in the life of the market.services that can influence the movement of the market. All transactions within the market can be differentiated into two categories. Commercial manipulations are mutual settlements between the parties for export and import operations. Financial manipulation is the flow of capital between various sectors of the economy.
Separation of the market: primary and secondary market
The stock market can be described as an institution or mechanism that provides a framework for interaction between buyers as demanders and sellers as value providers. The stock market can be divided into primary and secondary. Each subtype of institute performs a clear list of tasks.
Primary Market
The primary market is the market for stocks and bonds, short-term government bonds and government bonds, federal loans. The concept includes the market for bonds of a foreign currency loan and treasury bills, a gold certificate with financial instruments. According to the legislation, the primary market is defined as the relationship that is formed during the issue in the aspect of investment securities or during the implementation of civil and legal transactions between persons who have assumed the full range of obligations under securities, and investors, professional participants in the financial industry or their representatives.
The primary market can be called the market for the first or repeated issues of securities, within whichtheir initial distribution among investors is realized. Information on securities, including prospectuses, registration and control by state bodies, inclusive, is completely open to investors, which allows them to make a rational and deliberate choice of the latter.
The primary market is presented in two formats. This is a private placement, with its inherent sale of securities to a strictly limited number of investors, determined in advance (without a public offer), and a public offering, which is carried out by publishing a public announcement (includes the sale of shares to an unlimited number of investors).
Secondary market
The secondary financial and stock market includes stock exchanges and the stock departments of commodity exchanges dedicated to pre-issued stocks and financial instruments. The concept implies relations that are formed during the rotation of securities previously issued within the framework of the primary market. The secondary market is based on transactions that reinforce the redistribution of the spheres of influence of foreign investment, with some speculative transactions included.
The secondary securities market is divided into an organized (or exchange) market and an unorganized or over-the-counter (street) market. The secondary stock market provides a stable structured restructuring of the economy in order to increase its efficiency. It is mandatory for the existence of the securities market, like the primary one. characteristica feature of the institution is liquidity, which becomes a help for the implementation of successful trading and for the ability to absorb a large number of securities in a short time. At the same time, exchange rate fluctuations remain at an insignificant level, and implementation costs are minimal. The mechanism of trading in the secondary market ensures the stability of the market itself and limits speculation.
Why do we need a stock market
The stock market is a universal financial structure that affects many areas of activity. The Institute influences business, as it is, in its essence, the easiest way to obtain finance for the development and prosperity of a young corporation. When a start-up company sells shares, a share of ownership, it receives capital that does not need to be returned and on which interest is not required, as is the case with obtaining a loan from a bank. Shares turn into money not only with great speed, but also with large dividends.
Share prices, which are largely formed by stock market participants themselves, have a direct impact on the state of the economy and act as an indicator of social sentiment. An economy in which the stock market develops is considered an emerging one, and the country is considered strong and prosperous. Trading in the stock market opens up great prospects for ordinary people. Bidders who do not have a lot of capital can become co-owners of shares of large global concerns and receive stable profits from them in the future.
Domestic stock market
Until recently, over the past four years, the Russian stock market has shown active growth rates, which emphasized its dominant role in the development of the state's economy. At the first stages of its development, the market played the role of distributing property within the country, but today its main purpose is to attract foreign capital to the Russian economy. At the moment, the capitalization of the domestic stock market is $498 billion, which is 80 percent of the country's GDP.
Experts predicted that, despite the crisis, in 2015 the market capitalization will be increased by 2.5-3 billion. In fact, the situation has only worsened, and the entire stock market today is cheaper than Apple stock. Statistical analyzes clearly show that the development potential of the Russian stock market has not yet been exhausted. The prosperity of the institution is a prerequisite for ensuring a sufficiently high level of competitiveness in the battle for the material resources of global investors in the international stock market. Not only individuals are interested in the development of the market, but also enterprises that wish to attract investments through bonded loans.
2015 domestic stock market
The Russian stock market has serious problems associated with problems in the legislation, with a low level of development of investor activity, with underestimation of companies and lack of corporate culture. At the same time, according to world experts, the Russian stock exchange incurrently belongs to the category of the worst in the world, despite the good potential. This fact is evidenced by the RTS dollar index, which has fallen by more than 50 percent since the beginning of 2014.
The situation is worse only in the market of Ukraine, Portugal and Greece. The ruble is systematically weakening against the dollar. The latest post-bid figures were below the 60 ruble mark, the biggest intraday drop since 1998. The fall of the currency was prompted by the statements of the Central Bank, which announced the forecast for next year, based on the price of oil at $60 per barrel, which is absolutely untrue. Investors are losing interest in the Russian market, which is reflected in the state of the economy.
America Stock Market
In contrast to the situation in which the Russian stock market is today, its American counterpart is considered the most liquid in the world. Within its limits, securities of the world's largest companies are traded. These are not only shares of corporations and securities of foreign organizations, but also depository receipts, exchange-traded funds, and many other instruments. The American Stock Exchange in New York serves as a trading platform for second-rate securities. In the early stages of its development, the exchange was presented in the format of an open-air square on Wall Street, where deals were made. Only since 1921 has the retail space moved indoors
To be able to invest in the US stock market, you needopen an account with one of the brokers, which is focused on providing services to traders from Russia. Each broker has specialists who will tell beginners what and how to do. The rating of stock market brokers indicates that it is preferable to cooperate with companies such as Finam and Capital Management, Insta Trade and United Traders, INVEST. These are brokers that have been identified by the world's best agencies as the most reliable according to a number of criteria.
Features of trading on the American Stock Exchange
The Russian stock market is fundamentally different from the American one, which determines the specifics of trading on the latter. Let's start with the fact that transactions within the platform are concluded between bidders. Spread losses are not required. Market participants can not only accept or reject prices, they can offer their own. Within the framework of the exchange, each trader gets access to information that includes not only the price chart. A trader can evaluate the volume of transactions, the depth of the market, the tape of prints and "imbalances".
The stock exchange offers a huge range of trading instruments, of which there are at least 6.5 thousand, which automatically provides excellent opportunities for competent risk diversification. Trading on the exchange can be carried out daily, since the number of shares is very large, and it is very easy to find the optimal ratio of risks and rewards. In order to start active stock trading, you need a depositless than a thousand dollars. Companies offering to start with $500 offer very unfavorable trading conditions. You have to pay separately for the trading platform, but the profit from trading more than covers all costs.
The capitalization of the American market is many trillions of dollars, which makes it attractive to investors from all over the world. And within the market there is a huge number of undervalued stocks that will make good money, as well as a large number of overvalued stocks that open up equally broad prospects. Experts recommend developing long-term investment projects, rather than counting on momentary profits and quick income.
