In the 17th century, foreign trade was the most profitable and prestigious industry. Thanks to her, the most scarce goods were supplied from the Middle East: jewelry, incense, spices, silk, and so on. The desire to have all this at home stimulated the formation and further strengthening of our own production. This was the first impetus for the development of internal trade in Europe.
Introduction
Throughout the Middle Ages there was a gradual increase in the volume of foreign trade. By the end of the 15th century, as a result of a series of geographical discoveries, there was a noticeable leap. European trade became world trade, and the era of the Middle Ages smoothly passed into the period of primitive accumulation of capital. During the 16th-18th centuries, there was a strengthening of economic interaction between a number of regions and the formation of national trading platforms. At the same time, the formation of nation-states of absolute centralized monarchies is noted. The entire economic policy of these countries was aimed at the formation of a nationalmarket, the formation of foreign and domestic trade. Great importance was also attached to the strengthening of industry, agriculture, and means of communication.
Beginning of the formation of the All-Russian market
By the 18th century, new regions gradually began to join the sphere of general trade relations of Russia. So, for example, products and some industrial goods (s altpeter, gunpowder, glass) began to arrive in the center of the country from the Left-Bank Ukraine. At the same time, Russia was a platform for the sale of products of local artisans and manufactories. Fish, meat, bread began to arrive from the Don regions. Back from the central and Volga districts were dishes, shoes, fabrics. Cattle came from Kazakhstan, in exchange for which the neighboring territories supplied bread and certain industrial goods.
Fairs
Fairs had a great influence on the formation of the all-Russian market. Makaryevskaya became the largest and had national significance. Goods were brought here from various regions of the country: Vologda, the west and north-west of Smolensk, St. Petersburg, Riga, Yaroslavl and Moscow, Astrakhan and Kazan. Among the most popular are precious metals, iron, furs, bread, leather, various fabrics and livestock products (meat, lard), s alt, fish.
What was purchased at the fair, then dispersed throughout the country: fish and furs - to Moscow, bread and soap - to St. Petersburg, metal products - to Astrakhan. During the century, tradefairs increased significantly. So, in 1720 it was 280 thousand rubles, and after 21 years - already 489 thousand.
Together with Makarievskaya, other fairs have acquired national significance: Trinity, Orenburg, Annunciation and Arkhangelsk. Irbitskaya, for example, had connections with sixty Russian cities in 17 provinces, and interaction was established with Persia and Central Asia. The Svenska fair was connected with 37 cities and the 21st province. Together with Moscow, all these fairs were of great importance in uniting both regional and district, as well as local trading floors into the All-Russian market.
Economic situation in a developing country
The Russian peasant, after his complete legal enslavement, was first of all obliged to pay the state, like the master, dues (in kind or in cash). But if, for example, we compare the economic situation in Russia and Poland, then for the Polish peasants the duty in the form of corvee became more and more intensified. So, for them, it was ultimately 5-6 days a week. For a Russian peasant, it was equal to 3 days.
Payment of duties in cash assumed the existence of a market. The peasant was supposed to have access to this trading platform. The formation of the all-Russian market stimulated the landlords to manage their own farms and sell their products, as well as (and to no lesser extent) the state to receive fiscal cash receipts.
Developmenteconomy in Russia from the 2nd half of the 16th century
During this period, large regional trading floors began to form. By the 17th century, the strengthening of entrepreneurial ties was carried out on a national scale. As a result of the expansion of interactions between individual areas, a new concept appears - the "all-Russian market". Although its strengthening was largely hampered by Russian chronic off-road conditions.
By the middle of the 17th century, there were some prerequisites due to which the all-Russian market arose. Its formation, in particular, was facilitated by the deepening of the social division of labor, industrial territorial specialization, as well as the necessary political situation that appeared due to the transformations that were aimed at creating a single state.
Main trading floors of the country
Since the 2nd half of the 16th century, such main regional markets as the Volga region (Vologda, Kazan, Yaroslavl - livestock products), the North (Vologda - the main grain market, Irbit, Solvychegodsk - furs) were formed and strengthened, North-West (Novgorod - sales of hemp and linen products), Center (Tikhvin, Tula - purchase and sale of metal products). Moscow became the main universal trading platform of that time. It had about one hundred and twenty specialized rows where you could buy wool and cloth, silk and fur, lard and bread, wine, metal products, both domestic and foreign.
Influencegovernment authority
The all-Russian market, which emerged as a result of the reforms, contributed to the increase in entrepreneurial initiative. As for the social consciousness itself, ideas of the rights and freedoms of the individual arose at its level. Gradually, the economic situation in the era of primitive capital accumulation led to the freedom of enterprise both in trade and in other industries.
In the agricultural field, the activities of the feudal lords are gradually replacing state decrees to change the rules of land use and agriculture. The government promotes the formation of a national industry, which, in turn, influenced the development of the all-Russian market. In addition, the state patronized the introduction of agriculture, more advanced than it was before.
In foreign trade, the government seeks to acquire colonies and pursue a policy of protectionism. Thus, everything that was previously characteristic of individual trading cities is now becoming the political and economic direction of the entire state as a whole.
Conclusion
The main distinguishing feature of the era of primitive capital accumulation is the emergence of commodity-money relations and a market economy. All this left a special imprint on all spheres of social life of that period. At the same time, it was a somewhat controversial era, in fact, like other transitional periods, when there was a struggle between feudal control of the economy, society, politics, spiritual human needs andnew trends of bourgeois freedoms, due to the expansion of commercial scale, which contributed to the elimination of territorial isolation and the limitedness of feudal estates.
