In order to understand the graph and the isocost map, it is worth knowing more than one definition. This will help you learn to understand such a difficult science as microeconomics.
What is an isocost?
Isocost is a line that indicates a selection of resources, the use of which requires an equal amount of costs. It allows you to optimize profits at certain costs. On the chart, L is the labor factor, K is the capital.
Isocost properties
The properties of the isocost are similar to the line of the budget constraint. It has a negative slope, the degree of which is determined by its equation. The slope of the isocost on the graph also depends on the ratio of prices for factors of production. The location of the isocost depends on the level of income of the enterprise.
The isocost equation is C=PxX+PyY. Here C - costs, Px and Py - the price of resources.
Isocost map is an image of two parallel lines, also having a negative slope. Indicates theoretically possible resource selections that provide the firm with appropriate output volumes.
Growth of production capital or decrease in prices for resources (material, natural, labor,financial) shifts the isocost to the right according to the graph, and a decrease in the budget or an increase in prices - to the left.
According to the schedule, the most profitable sample for a given level of the enterprise's economy is determined from a set of factors.
If we combine the isocost and isoquant charts, then the conclusion suggests itself which way the manufacturer will choose to produce the volume of production he needs.
Isoquant is an infinite number of combinations of factors of production that provide the same amount of output. The optimal selection of resources for the manufacturer, providing the lowest threshold of costs, is at the point of contact between the isoquant and the isocost. This is called cost minimization. That is, in order to determine the optimal position for the company, you need to connect these two lines. The optimum point shows the minimum cost of the combination of factors of production that will be used to produce the desired amount of output.
Isocost. Production function
Production is the process of using resources, including human resources. The purpose of production is to satisfy consumer demand for tangible and intangible goods.
Theory of material production describes the process of using production resources for processing into the final product.
By combining all the factors of production, the final good is created for productive and non-productive consumption and accumulation.
The outcome of any enterprise depends on the effective use ofproduction factors. This is what the production function reflects, which characterizes the dependence of the volume of output of the finished product on the amount of resources expended.
The production function is the relationship between the volume of output and the monetary costs of acquiring production factors.
Q=f(K;L)
Q - the maximum output of the product;K, L - the cost of acquiring labor (L) and capital (K).
Q=f(K;L;M)M - the cost of purchasing raw materials.
Q=f(kKα;Lβ;Mγ) k - scale factor;
α, β, γ - elasticity coefficients.
Q=f(kKα;Lβ;Mγ…E) E is the factor of scientific and technological progress.
α+β+γ=1%
α=1%; β, γ=const
α, β, γ - coefficients of elasticity, which show how Q changes when α+β+γ=1%.
k - characterizes how proportional the costs of acquiring production factors.
This production function reveals the main properties of production factors:
- fungibility - the production process is possible in the presence of all factors of production;
- complementarity.
The final result of production depends on the chosen combination of factors of production.
There is a limit to the increase in Q, provided that one factor of production is a constant value, and the second is a variable.
Q=f(K;L)
Q=f(x;y)
Q=↑x - variable value, y-const.
This situation is called the law of diminishing productivity or the law of diminishing returns.
Expenses
To identify ways to minimize costs, you need to have an idea of what it is and what types of costs exist. What is the cost isocost?
Economic costs are the cost expression of the resources or factors of production used in the production process. They are alternative in nature, that is, each resource or factor of production involves multiple uses.
Types of costs
Costs (costs) can be both explicit and implicit. Explicit - costs involved in the production process (for the purchase of raw materials and materials, components, electricity, for the payment of wages to workers, for depreciation, etc.)
Implicit costs are costs that are indirectly involved in the production process - rent, advertising costs, etc.
In the short term, the following types of costs are distinguished:
- permanent (implicit) - FC (example - insurance premiums, equipment maintenance costs);
- variables (directly involved in the production process) - VC;
- general - TC - all costs.
Total costs are equal to the sum of variable and fixed costs - TC=FC+VC.
According to the schedule: C - costs, Q - production volume.
Whenvariable costs are of particular importance in the formation of total costs.
When making managerial decisions, average costs are especially important. This type of cost involves calculation per unit of output, that is, average values.
Marginal cost (MC) shows the change in total cost as a result of a change in volume.
Marginal revenue (MR) shows the change in revenue generation as a result of a change in volume.
Producer Profit Maximization Conditions
Profit is the goal of any production, which characterizes its efficiency. It depends on many factors: resources, costs, output, a combination of factors of production. The manufacturer tries to maximize its profits in order to get more income from its entrepreneurial activities.
Equality of marginal cost and marginal cost is a condition that predetermines the maximization of producer profits.
MR=MC
Let's say additional production is associated with increased costs. If the manufacturer does not have income from previous sales, then production volumes are temporarily reduced.
Thus, we can conclude that the isocost is a line that indicates equal costs.
