Average per capita cash income is all the funds received by a conventional average person for a certain period of time. To determine them, it is necessary to divide the total asset received by all residents of the country by the number of these same residents. The value of the average per capita cash income of the population is the volume of all cash receipts for a certain period (month or year), divided by the population of the country.
Since the year consists of 12 months, the average per capita cash earnings per month is 12 times less than the annual one. The list of cash income includes all types of income: salaries, pensions, benefits and social benefits, profit from commercial activities, rent, insurance payments, scholarships, earnings from the sale of foreign currency, hidden income.
Distribution of average per capita cash income by regions
It is known that in Russia there arepoor and rich regions. In different regions of the country, the level of per capita cash income varies greatly. They are highest in Moscow, and the lowest in areas remote from the center, where there are no oil and gas developments, industry, agriculture and tourism are poorly developed.
The total income of the population of Moscow amounts to a huge figure that many regions of Russia could envy: 7,930,113,252,600 rubles. And the average per capita cash income of the capital's residents is 54,870 rubles. A significant part of Muscovites has an income comparable to that of the middle class in developed countries. In many other areas, this figure is two, and in some even 3-4 times lower.
The reason for this situation is that in the capital there are offices of almost all large companies, as well as federal authorities. The most profitable business segments are located here, and the specifics of managing the country and its economy are such that financial and resource flows from all over the Russian Federation flow to the capital. As a result, most of the top managers and highest paid employees are concentrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg - the two largest and most influential cities in Russia.
Roughly rich and relatively prosperous are large cities in regions where oil, gas and some other important resources are developed. In addition, high-income communities are located in cold climate areas where northern coefficients and surcharges apply.
The contrast between rich and poor areas is constantly growing. Some regions are developing rapidly and successfully, while others are barely maintaining the levels reached earlier. All this is reflected in the differences in the average per capita income of the population.
Official information on earnings per month is available on the website of the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics.
What is the income of the population
Many people think it's pure profit. In economics, the word "income" refers to the flow of cash, measured per unit of time. This includes all monetary and other receipts that become the personal property of citizens. Usually the funds come in the form of banknotes, however, for rural residents, the inflow in the form of natural products also has a large share: meat, milk, honey, clothes, etc. Sources of primary income are divided into 4 categories: financial capital, production products, labor activity, land and natural resources. Other sources include:
- savings bank interest payments;
- income related to the growth in the value of shares, bonds;
- payments under state social programs (pensions, allowances, scholarships, etc.);
- loan repayments;
- National insurance payments;
- winnings in lotteries, casinos, show games.;
- payment of compensation to victims;
- shadow income.
Distribution of funds
In addition to differences in the distribution of sources of funds, citizens have different final earnings, that is, an unequal amount of money,received by them per unit of time. Income can be divided into the following categories:
Nominal - this is direct cash receipts, calculated in the amount of face value.
Disposable is the amount of money that the recipient has left after paying taxes and other obligatory payments.
Real is the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with disposable income. This indicator best reflects the standard of living of the population. In order for real incomes to remain constant, it is necessary that the increase in the prices of basic goods and services be covered by a proportional increase in cash receipts.
The entire population can be divided into the poor, the poor (poor), the middle class, the rich and the super-rich (billionaires). The bar is set higher for all these groups in rich countries than in poor countries. This means that a person falling, for example, under the category of a beggar in one country, will not be considered as such in another. Even within the same state, the boundaries of these groups can be located at different levels of material well-being.
How Russian citizens live
In 2017, the average per capita cash income of the population in the Russian Federation was 31,475 rubles a month, which is approximately 540 dollars. The average level of salaries was 39,085 rubles, and pensions - 13,304 rubles. The total earnings of all residents of the country in 2017 amounted to 55 trillion rubles. ($950 billion). by the mosttheir most common source was wages (65% of the total), social benefits (20%), business income (8%), property transactions (6%), other types of sources (2%).
The dynamics of growth in the level of well-being of Russians since 1991
During the recent history of Russia, the average income of the population has changed quite a lot. In the 1990s, they fell twice, reaching the bottom in 1999. It was especially sharp in 1992. At the same time, other indicators of the quality of life also deteriorated. The main source of income was wages and pension payments. At the same time, wages were often delayed.
However, some economists are cautious about the statistics of those times. The fact is that then little attention was paid to her. At the same time, many worked part-time in trade and underground industries, there was a lot of crime. Therefore, the real drop could be somewhat less. But in any case, it was significant. It is well known that in the 90s people lived in poverty in Russia.
The situation after the 90s
After 1999, there has been an increase in the standard of living, which (according to the website "Investorskul", referring to Rosstat) peaked in 2013-2014. This positive process was most rapid until 2007, after which it slowed down sharply.
The increase in material we alth from 1999 to 2007 was over 90%, and in the period 1999-2013 it approached 110-115%. Then the earnings of the population began to fall, although even in 2017 they were 2 times higher than in 1999. The data showed an almost threefold increase from 1999 to 2013, and the beginning of their decline is attributed to 2014.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that over the period from 2000 to 2018, the stratification in the distribution of the population in terms of average per capita cash income has sharply increased. In 1999 they were very low for almost everyone. Despite the impressive growth since the 90s, now a significant part of the country's population is below the poverty line. The largest drop in income in recent years, according to Rosstat, was observed in 2016 and amounted to minus 5.6%. It slowed down in 2017.
Most likely, the decline will be recorded in 2018, but it will also be small. Since the current recession is accompanied by an increase in the number of rich and super-rich people (and their we alth), it is logical to assume that poverty in the country is also progressing.
In total, over the past 5 years, well-being has decreased, on average, by 15-20%.
Average per capita cash income - distribution by type of activity
In Russia, the differentiation of wages for different types of labor economic activity is very pronounced. As of 2016, with the exception of show business stars, the highest earnings are in the field of extraction and processing of fuel resources. So, in the field of oil production, the income of a worker is about 70 thousand rubles. The production of coke and petroleum products is paid in the amount of 70.3thousand rubles. The extraction of other types of minerals that are not related to fuel and energy is paid in the amount of 46.6 thousand rubles.
Financial activity gives the highest average income equal to 90,170 rubles. Pretty good earnings from workers in the chemical industry - 42.6 thousand rubles. Perhaps this is due to the harmfulness of this production for human he alth.
Employees in the real estate and rental sector earn an average of 40.2 thousand rubles.
Relatively high income is provided by developments in the field of high and advanced technologies. On average, this is 53,770 rubles.
The lowest average wages for workers in the field of textile and clothing production - 15.4 thousand rubles. Shoe manufacturers receive relatively little - 18.76 thousand rubles. In agriculture and forestry, the average wages are 18.2 thousand rubles. Work with wood, the production of wood products gives 20.8 thousand rubles.
Those who work in hotels and restaurants don't earn much. Their average monthly income is 20.9 thousand rubles. Kindergarten teachers and elementary school teachers receive 21.1 - 21.2 thousand rubles. per month. Employees of higher professional education earn the most in the field of education - 38,245 rubles.
This list did not include many other professions. For example, the work of officials, deputies, space workers, lawyers is paid quite high, while postmen, cleaners, sellers earn very little.
Of course, these are all statistics. After all, often the level of cash payments to the populationregulated by the established minimum wage, which is significantly lower than these figures. Salaries can vary greatly from region to region. Usually, only large organizations where salaries are higher are included in salary statistics. Small towns and settlements in rural areas, where incomes are lower, are not included in such calculations. It should also be taken into account that the salaries of directors are much higher than those of ordinary workers.
What affects the decline in the welfare of the population
Unlike nominal income, real income is affected by inflation, tax levels, utility bills and other conditions.
- Inflation is a very important factor, which is almost impossible to prevent, but without which it is impossible to analyze the dynamics of the real standard of living of the population. The fall in incomes of citizens in recent years was associated precisely with it. Inflation causes money to depreciate. If the growth of wages and pensions does not keep up with it, then the level of well-being falls. Outpacing wage growth has the opposite effect.
- Another factor influencing income dynamics is the level of taxes. When their rates increase, real earnings fall, and when they decrease, they rise.
- Utility payments and other payments. They also do not contribute to income growth, since a person has to spend part of his salary on paying for various services.
What affects the growth of real incomes
The decrease in cash receipts is due to the action of immutable factors, which we cannot change without violating the law. As for their capabilitiesincrease, then everything is much more complicated. In addition to entrepreneurship and business skills, a person must have sufficient start-up capital. Otherwise, he will expose himself and his property to too great a risk. It turns out that those who have a low income have very few opportunities to increase it. Those who have a lot of money can easily increase their amount without making any special efforts, for example, with the help of a profitable investment.
Having a person "extra" real estate, transport, land, free financial resources and other assets gives him additional chances to make a profit. In the West and in other countries, new technologies are becoming a promising area for investment. Orienting businesses to oil and coal projects will soon become unprofitable, because the demand for these resources will begin to fall in the next decade.
Many companies and we althy individuals are choosing to invest in clean transportation infrastructure, renewable energy and other similar technologies. Even buying home solar power plants now pays off pretty quickly. All this will make it possible to raise the average per capita cash income of the population per month. In our country, this practice is not yet widespread.
Conclusion
The indicator of average per capita cash income of the population is a statistical value that does not reflect the situation with the standard of living in the country as a whole. However, it matters forstatistics. Calculation of the average per capita cash income is done for a month or a year. This value includes all financial receipts that become the property of a particular person. The average per capita cash income per month in different regions of the country is very different. Accordingly, the standard of living is also different everywhere.
