Historical monuments of Russia, according to 2014 data, is an extensive list of 1007 units, different in their significance. Each object of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation has a certain degree of artistic value. Separate historical monuments of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. To date, there are 26 such objects, of which 10 belong to the cultural sphere, 6 are recognized as masterpieces of world significance, and another 10 are natural phenomena on the territory of the Russian Federation with signs of special aesthetic appeal.
The prospect of recognition
Twenty-four Russian monuments are at the stage of entry into the UNESCO registers under the 1988 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage. Historical monuments that are under the protection of the state are, first of all, objects of special significance that have the status of inviolability.
Accounting and systematization
In order to present a cultural object, it is necessary to make a description of a historical monument with a chronology of events accompanying its appearance. As a rule, these are epochal periods of time. The important role of the monumentin the public life of the country, often it has educational and patriotic significance. Description of the historical monument in this case becomes mandatory, it must be included in the programs of secondary and higher educational institutions.
Popularity of Russian masterpieces
There are a number of Russian textbook cultural objects that are familiar to every citizen. These are historical monuments known not only in Russia but also abroad. Their value is difficult to overestimate. First of all, these are the historical monuments of Moscow, including St. Basil's Cathedral, Red Square, the Kremlin, the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. All of them are concentrated in the center of the Russian capital. Other historical monuments of Moscow are located at some distance, but this does not detract from their dignity. All cultural sites are protected by the government.
World culture
Historical monuments of the world are located in different parts of the world. This is the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Reichstag in Berlin, the Taj Mahal in India, the pyramids of the pharaohs in Egypt and many others. Historical monuments are never destroyed, except for the barbaric terrorist acts of extreme extremists.
A civilized society treats the legacy of the past with respect, historical monuments are protected and kept in proper condition. To do this, there are various public and private funds for the preservation of cultural objects.
Outdoor exhibits
Historical heritage monuments are usually more than one hundred years old. The mostthe vulnerable part of the cultural layer is the masterpieces of architecture that suffer from adverse climatic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to protect cultural and historical monuments of architecture from destruction. Some of them are left to the will of nature, such as the world-famous Colosseum. This monument is recognized as a world heritage largely due to its dilapidated forms.
Architectural Masterpieces
For the most part, historical cultural monuments are maintained in good condition, as they are active exhibits of the world exhibition of cultural heritage. Such objects include the Pokrovsky Cathedral in Moscow, St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Sergiev Posad Churches.
In general, all cultural and historical monuments of Russia are under the protection of the state and under the supervision of the relevant structures. Government guardianship authorities are doing everything to preserve the masterpieces that make up the country's Golden Fund.
Types of historical monuments
Cultural treasures are divided into categories, including rarities and masterpieces from different eras. Monuments that are of historical importance form a separate group, although they are located in different places. They can be roughly divided into the following categories:
- Architectural monuments (for example, the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg).
- Monuments of Glory (Motherland in Volgograd).
- Monuments to historical figures (The Bronze Horseman - equestrian statue of Peter I in St. Petersburg).
- Statues as images of individuals who lefttrace in history (Alexander I, St. Isaac's Square in St. Petersburg).
- Thematic monuments (Sevastopol Bay, memorial of the lost ships).
- Natural monumental formations (Krasnoyarsk pillars).
Historic Monument Cities
On the territory of Russia there are special cultural formations of ethnographic value. These are cities with an unusual historical past. An example is the city-monument Yeniseisk, which has gone through several eras in its development. From the thirteenth century it was divided and combined, it became the center of the fur trade, then it was shaken by the gold rush.
The places of heroic battles are also considered historical cities-monuments: Kursk, Sevastopol, Volgograd and others. "No one is forgotten, nothing is forgotten" - their motto, which has passed through the decades.
Famous Russian monuments
- The historical center of St. Petersburg with several cultural monuments: the Winter Palace (Hermitage), Palace Square, Alexander Column.
- Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg architect A. N. Voronikhin (years of construction - 1801 - 1811). Erected to store the icon of the Mother of God of Kazan. In 1812, the Russian army left the cathedral for the war with Napoleon. Emperor Paul I was married in the temple. Kazan Cathedral, among other things, serves as the burial place of Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.
- Moscow Kremlin with museum complexes andchurches.
- Red Square, Intercession Cathedral, monument to Minin and Pozharsky, GUM, Mausoleum, Historical Museum.
- The Solovetsky Islands cultural complex in the White Sea, included in the UNESCO heritage list in 1992.
- Architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost: Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior with twenty-three chapters, a masterpiece of Russian church wooden architecture of the early 18th century. Church of the Intercession with a unique collection of icons and a bell tower built later.
- The ancient city of Novgorod and its environs, including four monasteries: Yuriev, Zverin, Antoniev and Znamensky. Nativity Church on the Red Field.
- The Astrakhan Kremlin is a fortification built by order of Ivan the Terrible in 1558. On its territory there are: the Assumption Cathedral (five-domed, with an arched gallery), St. Cyril's Chapel, the Prechistensky Gate with a bell tower, the bishop's house church, the consistory, the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, the architectural complex "Trinity-Sergius Lavra" in Sergiev Posad.
- The historical center of Yaroslavl is a thousand years old. The main buildings were erected during the town-planning reform of Catherine II in 1763. In 2005, the city was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- The ancient city of Pskov. Since 1348 it was considered the capital of the independent Republic of Pskov. In 1510 it was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It is currently a center of tourist pilgrimage. Among the attractionsthe following stand out in particular: the Kremlin, the Pogankin Chambers, the Pskov Fortress, the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, the Mirozh Monastery.
- Izmailovo - an architectural monument, the former royal estate. In 1812, the main building was damaged during the invasion of Napoleon. Thirty-eight years later, a military almshouse was opened in Izmailovo, which was housed in new buildings specially built for this purpose.
- Vladimir-Suzdal historical and artistic reserve, part of the Golden Ring of Russia. It contains unique architectural monuments of the 12th-13th centuries, white-stone masterpieces, the significance of which can hardly be overestimated.
- Tanais is a museum-reserve of archeology. Located at the mouth of the Don. The territory of the reserve is about three thousand hectares, there are historical and cultural monuments of antiquity, starting from the Paleolithic era. The expositions of the museum, among other things, reflect the heyday of the ancient Greek civilization.
Famous Natural Monuments
- Lake Baikal is a natural reserve of world importance - the deepest on the planet. It has a unique ability to self-purify.
- Volcanoes of Kamchatka, of which 29 are active. Some erupted for the last time four thousand years ago, but they cannot be called extinct, since there is boiling lava in the bowels. Steam and gases periodically escape from the mouth of such a volcano, which means that it is in the stage of fumarolic activity.
- Golden Altai Mountains - a unique landscapea formation consisting of rocky elevations of indescribable beauty, spread over an area of sixteen thousand square kilometers. The natural monument was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998.
- The Curonian Spit is a narrow sandy strip 98 kilometers long, connecting the Lithuanian Klaipeda with the Kaliningrad region and separating the Curonian Lagoon and the B altic Sea.
- The Putorana Plateau is a unique landscape reserve covering about two million square kilometers on the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau. It is distinguished by a rare combination of climatic ecosystems; the forest-tundra there is adjacent to the Arctic desert. There are many untouched lakes, rivers, taiga thickets in the region. Tens of thousands of wild deer migrate in the tundra.
- Lena Pillars - a natural park on the banks of the Lena. A series of vertical rocks, stretching for several kilometers, arose as a result of tectonic upheavals about 400 thousand years ago. The Lena Pillars were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012.
