Almost everyone has heard about flower diseases, because every house has some kind of flower. What fungal diseases exist? These mysterious representatives of the world around us are incomprehensible and distant to many, but some people specialize in growing them - thanks to these people we can buy oyster mushrooms and champignons in stores. What are the wards of such mushroom growers sick with? Let's take a closer look.
The most common trouble
If you turn to reference books that talk about the diseases of fungi (oyster mushrooms, champignons and others), mushroom mold will immediately attract attention. It is believed that among all the diseases, mold is the most common, occurring really very often. At the moment, no particularly effective ways to combat this disease have been developed. The main idea of crop protection is to carry out preventive measures. There are several varieties of mold, the division is mainly based on color: there are yellow and green varieties, olive and yellow-green. Confetti-type diseases stand outand cobwebs. Sometimes carmine mold appears.
Green mold
If you ask an average person about what he knows about diseases associated with fungi, the most likely to come to mind are diseases provoked by various fungi in humans or animals, in trees and other representatives of the plant world. But few people know that mushrooms are also a victim of the disease. Experienced mushroom growers often encounter green mold. This is more common in champignons. The disease is usually observed in mushrooms growing in a large indoor area. Science knows quite a variety of pathological life forms that can cause green fungus mold. They are often found in nature and will not be difficult to find in the substrate, especially if it contains inclusions of foreign materials. These microorganisms are involved in the fermentation process.
A distinctive feature of the pathological microorganism that causes green mold is resistance to elevated temperatures. Studying the descriptions of diseases of fungi (oyster mushrooms with a photo, for example), it becomes clear that for most pathological microorganisms, an increase in temperature is detrimental. But the mold-provoking life form does not perceive such conditions as dangerous. Moreover, it begins to develop more actively, as it loses competitors that impeded progress.
Green mold details
As you can see from the descriptions, illustrated photos, diseases of fungi (oyster mushrooms, champignons and others), green mold is caused by a fungal pathological formlife, the mycelium of which is very thin hyphae that can pass through the substrate. It is thanks to this inclusion that the soil will acquire a moldy, funerary smell. The mycelium of a cultivated fungus cannot grow in such an environment because there is no access to nutrient compounds. As a result, the culture soon dies, but the parasite not only progresses, but also produces spores that mature in a short time.
Soon, small greenish buds can be found in the substrate. Olive shades of neoplasms are possible, sometimes black specimens. Fungal spores are full of greenish spores. The pathological form of life develops more actively in conditions of lack of fresh air and a sufficient amount of ammonia in the nutrient medium. Some mushroom growers don't stir the chicken manure used to feed the crops thoroughly enough, and this creates additional comfort conditions for green mold.
What to do?
Green mold is a fungus disease that cannot be cured. The only way to deal with it is to prevent infection. To eliminate risks, the substrate for growing crops is taken in adequate doses and correct ratios. It is important to follow the composting technology. Pasteurization must be monitored at every stage, excluding overheating.
If signs of disease are detected, the substrate is shaken once, but one cannot count on high yields. Before shaking, the soil is treated with superphosphate powder.
Brown mold
As you can see from the accompanying descriptionsphoto fungal diseases, champignons and oyster mushrooms quite often suffer from brown mold. This disease is explained by a saprophytic fungus that affects cultural forms. There is a possibility of infestation forming on the substrate prior to or after this step. At first, the mold is white in color, rather fluffy, with time it transforms into a bluish, brown cover. Visually looks like a plaque. If you touch the affected areas, treat with water, the spots will become a source of dust. The mold disappears after the germination of the cultural mycelium in the cover material.
There is no cure. There are measures to prevent this disease. The most effective preventive approach is the treatment of the material used for the cover with "Fundazol". According to experts in the cultivation of cultivated mushrooms, composting on the ground leads to many he alth problems for grown crops, so you should not organize work in this form.
Yellow mold
Studying reference books, which contain descriptions with photos of diseases of mushrooms (champignons, oyster mushrooms), you can find out that yellow mold is a very common variety. The reason is the development of a dangerous fungus Myceliophora lutea. Currently, this life form is considered one of the most dangerous mushrooms. The form is found in the wild, lives in the mycelium as a parasite. It was possible to identify this fungus in a variety of wild mushrooms. In the cultural substrate, it is detected if there is already a mycelium of a plant bred by a mushroom grower. First, a whitish layer appears at the border of the cover, substrate, thencontroversy is brewing. The affected areas acquire a yellowish tint, the substrate becomes a source of a specific smell - reminiscent of copper carbide or oxide. Mushroom spores are characterized by increased resistance to temperature rise, they are not afraid of pasteurization. It is possible to spread with soil, through human hands, tools.
Yellow mold is a fungal disease that can be prevented by impeccable sanitation in the workplace. It is equally important to follow the rules of composting. If the soil already contains dangerous flora, every day around the mycelium of the cultivated life form it is necessary to spray formalin solution (concentration - 4%). After rebuffing, they are treated with a copper sulfate 1% solution. Before disposal, the contaminated soil is sprayed with a solution of copper sulfate. It is strictly forbidden to use it as a fertilizer. After the next cultural turnover, the room in which mushrooms are grown is treated with water vapor heated to 72 degrees for 12 hours.
Confetti Mold
This disease of fungi and plants is provoked by a dangerous parasitic fungus. In the soil, you can see whitish areas - this is a pathological mycelium. It usually appears in scattered patches that eventually acquire a yellowish tint, transforming into a pronounced brown with a yellow tone. Mushroom tissue may appear in the center. The mycelium develops simultaneously with the cultivated one, dominates over the mushroom grown by man. The bag covering the plantation does not hide the lesions. Canpour some soil out of the bag, separate into layers for testing. The mycelium of a pathological fungus is slightly different in shade from that inherent in cultural forms: for example, champignon roots are always silvery. Dangerous microflora inhibits the development of a cultivated fungus. At first, its growth becomes slower, then it stops completely. The mold most actively develops by the end of the second month after sowing the mycelium. The later the cultivated mushroom bears fruit, the greater the loss from infection will be.
Reference books that tell what diseases in fungi are more common than others, how to deal with them, note: to cope with confetti, you need to warm the environment to 60 degrees or more. The predominant route of spread of the disease is soil, substrate. There is a possibility of penetration when unloading nutrients for the grown crop from the storage room. Sometimes spores arrive with the wind, dust from the affected areas located in the neighborhood. Soil material can also become a source of infection. There is a possibility of transferring disputes on shoes, clothes, tools. Mice and mites, flies are the main carriers of mold spores.
How to exclude?
Confetti is a disease of fungi at work (champignons, oyster mushrooms), which can be eliminated if sanitary requirements are taken very seriously. It is important to control the condition of the site where the cultivated fungus grows, as well as the adjacent zone. It is forbidden to compost on an earthen surface. The duration of pasteurization of the nutrient base is half a day. Normal temperature level - 60degrees. It is advisable to use polymer film bags, which exclude the spread of infection at the stage of placing mushrooms. It is equally important to fulfill all measures aimed at the growth of mycelium, the appearance of fruits. This reduces the risk of lower yields. They prepare the selected nutrient medium, quickly germinate the roots of mushrooms, mix mycelium from soils that have already been pasteurized.
Currently, people don't know enough about diseases of fungi, plants, and this complicates the treatment of cases of infection. If confetti mold has not been prevented, the affected areas must be treated very responsibly. It is forbidden to scatter trimmings, adhering cover - all waste is collected in special bags, placed in a pit prepared in advance, the contents of which are spilled daily with copper sulfate solution. When ready, the pit is covered with earth. The room where the packaging is made is processed and disinfected daily. Air vents are lined. The tools used in the work are washed with a copper sulfate solution, as are the shoes in which the person works. Wash your clothes regularly and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
About prevention in more detail
Studying the features of the course and development of diseases of fungi, plants, while scientists agree that the prevention of infections is more effective and easier to implement than treatment. A preventive approach is key in the fight against mold. If site infection is detected, all affected areas are immediately removed. To prevent the appearance of mold on the culturalmushroom, spray the production site daily using a 1% copper sulfate solution. Already used nutrient medium is treated with copper sulfate solution before removal. The substrate can be used as fertilizer, but only in places where cultivated mushrooms do not grow. It is necessary to steam both nutrient media and the entire room in which the production line is established.
Yellow-green mold
This type of fungal disease is very common. With the development of a pathological form of life, the cultivated fungus weakens, changes its shade to an unhe althy gray, the mycelium dies, and yellowish-greenish moldy fungi covered with spores appear instead. They have a whitish mycelium with a specific moldy smell. The mycelium looks viscous. The disease is formed under the influence of several varieties of pathological microscopic forms of life. There is a possibility of the simultaneous appearance of several types, and it is difficult to isolate cultural forms from pathological ones. Yellow-green mold is often found in natural conditions. It penetrates into the nutrient medium of human-grown crops with the feedstock, takes part in composting.
Yellow-green mold is activated when the temperature of the environment rises to 45 degrees. To get rid of this type of fungal disease, you need to pasteurize the soil very responsibly. If the procedure is of low quality, the substrate is poor, soon the pathology is localized in the cultural mycelium - the lesion occurs at the earliest stage of developmentmushroom. There is a possibility of contamination of high-quality raw materials. The source is a spent substrate scattered near the cultivation area of cultivated mushrooms, as well as a composting site. Dangerous spores spread with air currents, they are carried on shoes, tools. There is a risk of contamination with dust. Treatment is impossible. If the infection occurred at a late stage of fungus development, when the cultivated mycelium has matured, the process of the emergence of the fruiting body has begun, the probability of crop loss is somewhat less.
How to get rid of
As you can see from the photos showing yellow-green mold in reference books, this type of fungus disease is widespread, characterized by a typical appearance, and causes considerable problems for mushroom growers. To minimize the risks, you need to responsibly monitor compliance with sanitary conditions. It is important to implement and strictly follow hygiene rules. Do not use bird droppings that have been in storage for too long. Composting requires compliance and placement near piles. The nutrient medium must be treated at an elevated temperature. As soon as the nutritious soil from the champignon is received, it is moistened. If the weather is windy, it is advisable to postpone cleaning until conditions improve. The used nutrient medium is taken out in plastic bags. The champignon must be washed regularly. Fungicides are used for disinfection.
Carmine mold
As can be inferred from the manuals devoted to the description and demonstration with the help of photosdiseases of fungi, such a pathology is relatively common. It is provoked by the purpurescent sporendomen fungus. You can notice the infection during the period when the fruiting body of the cultivated fungus is formed. The mold manifests itself as white downy formations. A cover of mycelium may appear between the blocks of material used. Mold mycelium is characterized by the ability to grow quickly, aggressively, so it soon covers the material completely. When watering, the mold does not absorb moisture. Under the influence of the disease, the ability of the cultivated fungus to bear fruit first weakens, then this function is completely blocked.
Moldy mycelium becomes yellower, then changes to a cherry-like hue. The mold then generates spores. Pathological fungus grows well on nitrogen and develops rapidly if the nutrient medium is enriched with such a compound. At a temperature of about 18 degrees, development becomes more active, while the cultural form grown by man undergoes the opposite changes - growth slows down significantly.
Carmine mold is a disease of fungi (ceps, champignons, oyster mushrooms and others), which is prevented by careful selection of a nutrient medium for the development of culture. It is necessary to exclude excess nitrogen and carefully monitor the level of humidity. If nitrogen fertilizers are applied, they are applied as carefully as possible. By cultivating the soil at a certain temperature, they provide a constant supply of fresh air so that the ammonia is completely released. During the development of the fungus, it is necessary to constantly maintain the temperature of the substrate suitable forcultivated form.
Mold: what else happens
Reference books that tell about the diseases of fungi (porcini, oyster mushrooms, champignons) contain a mention of the olive, cobweb varieties of diseases. Among all other cultivated varieties and varieties, they most often affect oyster mushrooms, but can also occur on other types. Mold appears on the nutrient medium in which the cultivated variety grows. Under the influence of the pathological form, the development of cultural mycelium is inhibited, the ability to form fruiting bodies slows down. The most effective method of getting rid of mold is simple s alt, which is sprinkled on areas affected by the disease. Thanks to s alt, infection does not spread to other areas of industrial areas.
Bacterial spotting
You can learn about what diseases are, how they strongly affect agriculture, from special books. The work by V. Makogon looks quite interesting. Fungal diseases in his work are considered in relation to the breeding of goslings, their feeding and rearing using various agronomic approaches and practices. However, dangerous fungi that affect different varieties of vegetation, harmful to birds and animals raised by humans, are discussed in more detail in publications dedicated directly to them. Curious, in particular, reference books from which you can learn about bacterial spotting. In relation to the sphere of human labor, this disease is more often studied using the example of champignons, although cases of such spotting are also observed in the wild.nature on a variety of fruiting bodies, and in the work of mushroom growers dealing with various varieties and types of crops.
Causes such a disease of fungi (butter, white, russula and a variety of others) the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasi. There is a possibility of infection with other varieties of Pseudomonas. All these microorganisms are widely distributed in the soil, occur in the soil of any kind, and are found in abundance in aquatic environments. An ordinary farm can be penetrated in a variety of ways, it is quite difficult to control the process. Usually, bacteria first spread along the cover soil; if sanitary conditions are not observed, a colony may develop in compost that has already undergone a pasteurization procedure. More often, diseases are active in summer and autumn, when the warming of the environment and the level of humidity are high, so the conditions for infection are pleasant. Unsuccessfully chosen climatic conditions and poor ventilation lead to prolonged moisture content of the cultivated fungus, and this provokes active bacteriosis. If conditions are favorable, Pseudomonas multiply quickly and aggressively on a moist mushroom surface, and the hats become covered with waste products - brownish spots.
Case Development
Fungal disease caused by Pseudomonas, as the case progresses, indicates itself as dark spots on the surface of the fruiting body of the cultivated form. The shade becomes reminiscent of chocolate, the surface becomes slick. Rounded foci of infection are possible, there is a possibility of shapeless processes. In any case, they are superficial,do not spread deep into the cultivated fungus. If you touch the affected area, it will be sticky. If the infection is very strong, the stain spreads over the mushroom surface. In severe cases, the fungus loses its normal shape, the cap begins to decompose in areas where bacteria are localized. The item emits an unpleasant odor. Pseudomonas can infect a young ovary. In this case, the fungus turns into a brownish object that does not progress or grow over time.
As researchers who have studied fungal diseases, in particular bacteriosis, have established, Pseudomonas are able to move in a water film, since bacteria have specific flagella. Wet droplets appear on mushroom caps, sometimes a film is formed from a thin water layer. Nutrient compounds penetrate into the water from the body of the fungus, and the bacteria get an excellent, comfortable environment for active reproduction. Just an hour is enough to more than double the size of the colony. If, after watering, cultural forms do not dry out for two hours or more, if temperature changes have led to the formation of condensate that remains for such a long time, there is a high probability of bacterial infection and unpleasant consequences. The first symptom of the disease will be yellowish lesions. At the same time, the vital activity of the bacterium has little effect on the level of yield, but the fungus becomes unattractive and cannot be sold to the buyer.
Bacteriosis: features
This disease of fungi in industrial conditions is often endemic, that is, it is observed constantly. The bacterium is capableexist on different surfaces, so at the moment when there is not a single cultivated mushroom on the farm, it does not die. Bacteria live in waste, exist on the instrumental surface, coat equipment, especially in places that are difficult to access for disinfection. If infection has begun, it can easily spread between the chambers through human hands and objects used in the work, along the stairs. Mosquitoes, flies, ticks actively contribute to the spread of bacteriosis. If the colony first appeared in one local area, watering provides enough resources to move further through the water droplets. The first symptomatology is usually observed in the areas of the caps where water accumulates and stays the longest - and these are the areas of contact.
Some people think that fungal life forms can only cause seedling disease - blackleg. Signs of fungal disease, however, are also very common, provoked by both more dangerous and harmful fungi, as well as bacteria, and other forms of life. Some features inherent in different diseases are noted. For example, bacteriosis is more often observed closer to the end of the plant cycle. As a rule, by this moment the mushroom grower cannot provide sufficient care for the entire plantation, while the quality of ventilation decreases due to the increase in hats and other reasons, as a result, conditions are formed that are favorable for the development of pathology.
To exclude fungus disease, the mushroom grower must organize a working room with an optimal climate. The importance level shouldbe no more than 85%. The probability of bacteriosis is higher if the heating of the environment is more than 20 degrees. It is necessary to install climate systems that allow you to control the conditions. It is equally important to monitor the condition of the mushroom caps after watering, so that no droplets remain on them, and condensation does not form. To do this, use installations that provide air circulation.
