The Tyumen region, the third largest in Russia, has always been and remains at the moment, one of the supporting regions of the country. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, it is developing economically, factories are being built here, and the population is increasing. Of course, one of the main reasons for the success of the northern region is the richest reserves of natural resources. The bulk of the country's gas and oil reserves are concentrated in the bowels of the autonomous regions.
Facts of the ancient history of the region
The settlement of the territory of the modern Tyumen region began in the Upper (Late) Paleolithic about 43 thousand years ago. This fact is confirmed by an amazing find near the village of Baigara - the supracalcaneal (talus) bone of a hominid. Its size is approximately 4.5 by 5 cm, and it belonged to an adult aged 20-50 years old, who lived in these places 43 thousand years ago. It is assumed that the hominid belonged to the genus Homo sapiens.
It should be noted that the area of the Tyumen region is quite large, and archaeologists have a place to "roam" in search of confirmation of early settlementthese lands. So, on the shores of Andreevsky Lake and Tura, the first traces of human habitation (burial grounds and remains of settlements) were found. They belong to the Sargat culture that existed in the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. In the first millennium, the settlement of nomads began: the Ugrians and the Samoyed tribes, who were forced out from the south by the Turkic-speaking peoples. Mixing with indigenous aboriginal tribes, they formed new nationalities, in particular Mansi and Khanty, Selkups, Nenets.
In the 13-16th centuries, the capital of the Tyumen Khanate of the Kereites and Tatars was located on the banks of the Tyumenka. It was in vassal dependence on the medieval eastern state of the Golden Horde. After crushing the latter into separate khanates, the first association is formed in Siberia - the principality of Great Tyumen. It was replaced by the Siberian Khanate in 1420 with its capital in Qashlyk.
Conquest of Siberia
Currently, the total area of the Tyumen region (including autonomous districts) is 1,464,173 km2,and this is the lion's share of Western Siberia. The territories were the first on the way of the Russians to the East. By their arrival in the 16th century. they were inhabited by the Nenets (reindeer herders), Khanty and Mansi taiga hunters and fishermen. The number of tribes was about 8 and 15-18 thousand people, respectively. In the south lived Turkic tribes, who were collectively called "Tatars".
It is generally accepted that the advance of the Russians in Siberia proceeded in a rather peaceful way. They were more likely to infiltrate new territories than to conquer them. Active development by MoscowThe Urals and Trans-Urals began after the fall of Novgorod in 1478, but until the end of the 16th century it was limited to only a few successful campaigns. The Siberian Khanate was gaining strength and became a threat to the eastern lands. After the attack on the rich possessions of the Stroganov merchants in 1573, organized by Kuchum, a detachment was equipped, led by Ataman Yermak. He literally opened the way to the East for Muscovites, the conquest of Siberia by that time was unstoppable. A little less than a century later, it was completely annexed to the Russian state.
Geographic location and area of the Tyumen region
As noted above, the area of the Tyumen region is 1,464,173 km2, the region ranks third in size after the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The length from west to east and north to south is 1400 km and 2100 km, respectively. The Tyumen Region is located in the southwestern part of the lowland West Siberian Plain. The northernmost point is Cape Skuratov on the Yamal Peninsula, the southern one is in the Sladkovsky District, the western one is the source of the Severnaya Sosva River, and the eastern one is in the Nizhnevartovsky District. Part of the region is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, the other borders on the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Komi Republic, and Kazakhstan. The region received its modern name on August 14, 1944.
Administrative-territorial division
There are two autonomous okrugs on the territory of the region: Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi. In 1993, they received a status equal to the subjects of the Russian Federation, but officially they are still part of the Tyumen region. They impress with their size: 769,250 km2 and 534,801 km2 respectively. The area of the Tyumen region without autonomous districts is not too large - only 160,122 km2.
The region includes 29 cities, the largest of them: Tyumen (720,575 people), Surgut (348,643 people), Nizhnevartovsk (270,846 people), Nefteyugansk (125,368 people), Novy Urengoy (111,163 people), Noyabrsk (106,631 people). Tobolsk (pictured above) and Khanty-Mansiysk are approaching the 100,000 mark. Among the cities, small ones predominate - up to 50 thousand people. The region is divided into 38 districts, there are 480 municipalities.
Climate of the northern part of the region
Due to the fact that the area of the Tyumen region is large, the climate in some of its areas can differ significantly, as well as flora and fauna. The vast territory is located in the zone of arctic deserts, forest-tundra and tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and mixed forests. The region is characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions for the most part. The regions of the Far North include the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Berezovsky and Beloyarsky districts of the KhMAO-Yugra, the remaining administrative units of the latter and the Uvatsky district are equated to them.
In the north of the region, an arctic (polar) climate dominates with year-round negative air temperatures. It is determined by the proximity of the Kara cold sea and the presence of permafrost, an abundancerivers, swamps and lakes. The arctic climate is characterized by long winters (up to 8 months), very short summers, low rainfall and strong winds. The average annual temperature is negative, about -10°C, in winter the lower threshold is fixed at around -70°C. The area of the Tyumen region, located in these climatic conditions, is more than half of the total (pay attention to the map above, the AO are shaded).
Climate in the central and southern part of the region
The central and southern part of the Tyumen region is subject to a temperate climate, which is formed in the Northern Hemisphere. It is characterized by frequent and significant changes in atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and changes in wind direction. All this is the result of intensive activity of cyclones. The temperate climate has four distinct seasons: winter and summer (main), autumn and spring (intermediate). In winter, permanent snow cover is established. The climate can vary in severity from temperate to sharply continental. Thus, the duration of the period with air temperature below 0°C is 130 days a year in the capital of the region. The area of the south of the Tyumen region is approximately 1/3 of the entire territory.
Mineral resources
Tyumen region has hydrocarbon reserves, which are visible on a global scale. It is in its bowels that the main part of the country's gas and oil is concentrated. The total volume of exploration drilling exceeded 45 million m3. Oil is produced mainly in the Ob region, and gas in the northernareas. The rapid development of the region is associated with the process. The most famous and rich hydrocarbon deposits are Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, Samotlorskoye, gas - Yamburgskoye, Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye. Peat, quartz sand, sapropels, limestone, precious stones, metal ore (copper, chromite, lead) are mined.
Water and forest resources
The region has an impressive supply of fresh water, which is concentrated in the main rivers - the Irtysh and Ob (which have a navigable value), Tobol, lakes Bolshoy Uvat, Chernoye, etc. The area of the Tyumen region in sq. km, occupied by forests, is equal to 430,000 (43 million hectares). According to this indicator, it ranks third among all regions of the country. In the south there are hot springs, the water temperature of which ranges from 37 to 50°C, they have balneological properties and are popular not only among local residents, but also among tourists from neighboring regions.
Population of the Tyumen region
Having learned about the area of the Tyumen region in the ranking of regions, how large it is, we can make a logical conclusion that the population should be large. However, here it is necessary to make an allowance for the harsh climatic conditions in which it is very difficult to live. The Tyumen region with a population of 3,615,485 people (according to 2016 data, including autonomous regions) does not even fall into the top twenty of the rating of Russian regions according to the results of the last census. And this despite the fact that it is the third in terms of area. Very low population density - 2.47person per square kilometer. Most people live in cities - 80, 12%, which is quite logical, since it is difficult to survive in remote villages and towns in conditions of permafrost and tundra.
As for the national composition, the predominant part of the population, according to the 2010 census, is Russian (69.26%). In second and third place in terms of the number of Tatars (7.07%) and Ukrainians (4.63%). There are even fewer Bashkirs and Azerbaijanis, 1.37% and 1.28% respectively. The share of other nations is less than 1%. The indigenous inhabitants of the north: Nenets, Khanty and Mansi are represented by 0.93%, 0.86% and 0.34% respectively.
