Pipeline transport moves important goods such as oil and natural gas. Russian pipelines have more than half a century of history. Construction began with the development of oil fields in Baku and Grozny. The current map of Russia's gas pipelines includes almost 50,000 km of main pipelines, through which most of Russian oil is pumped.
History of Russian gas pipelines
Pipeline transportation of gas in Russia began to be actively developed back in 1950, which was associated with the development of new fields and the construction of an oil refinery in Baku. Already by 2008, the amount of transported oil and oil products reached 488 million tons. Compared to 2000, the figures increased by 53%.
Every year, Russian gas pipelines (the scheme is updated and reflects all highways) is growing. If in 2000 the length of the pipeline pipe was 61 thousand km, in 2008 it was already 63 thousand km. By 2012 significantlythe main gas pipelines of Russia expanded. The map showed about 250 thousand km of the pipeline. Of these, 175,000 km was the length of the gas pipeline, 55,000 km was the length of the oil pipeline, and 20,000 km was the length of the oil product pipeline.
Gas pipeline transport in Russia
Gas pipeline is an engineering design of pipeline transport, which is used to transport methane and natural gas. The gas supply is carried out with the help of excess pressure.
Today it is hard to believe that the Russian Federation (today the largest exporter of "blue fuel") initially depended on raw materials purchased abroad. In 1835, the first plant for the extraction of "blue fuel" was opened in St. Petersburg with a distribution system from the field to the consumer. This plant produced gas from foreign coal. 30 years later, the same plant was built in Moscow.
Due to the high cost of building gas pipes and imported raw materials, Russia's first gas pipelines were small. Pipelines were produced with large diameters (1220 and 1420 mm) and with a large length. With the development of the technologies of the natural gas field and its production, the size of the "blue rivers" in Russia began to rapidly increase.
Russia's largest gas pipelines
Gazprom is the largest operator of the gas artery in Russia. The main activities of the corporation are:
- geological exploration, mining, transportation, storage, processing;
- production and sale of heat and electricity.
At the momentthere are such operating gas pipelines:
- Blue Stream.
- Progress.
- Soyuz.
- Nord Stream.
- Yamal-Europe.
- Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhhorod.
- Sakhalin-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok.
Since many investors are interested in the development of the oil and oil refining sector, engineers are actively developing and building new major gas pipelines in Russia.
Russian oil pipelines
An oil pipeline is an engineering design of pipeline transport that is used to transport oil from a production site to a consumer. There are two types of pipelines: main and field.
Largest oil pipelines:
"Friendship" is one of the major routes of the Russian Empire. The current production volume is 66.5 million tons per year. The highway runs from Samara through Bryansk. In the city of Mozyr, Druzhba is divided into two sections:
- southern highway - passes through Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic;
- northern highway - through Germany, Latvia, Poland, Belarus and Lithuania.
- The B altic Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system that connects an oil production site with a seaport. The capacity of such a pipeline is 74 million tons of oil per year.
- The B altic Pipeline System-2 is a system that links the Druzhba oil pipeline with Russian ports in the B altic. The capacity is 30 million tons per year.
- Eastern oil pipelineconnects the mining site of Eastern and Western Siberia with the US and Asian markets. The capacity of such an oil pipeline reaches 58 million tons per year.
- The Caspian Pipeline Consortium is an important international project with the participation of major oil companies, created to build and operate 1,500 km of pipes. The working capacity is 28.2 million tons per year.
Gas pipelines from Russia to Europe
Russia can supply gas to Europe in three ways: through the Ukrainian gas transportation system, as well as through the Nord Stream and Yamal-Europe gas pipelines. In the event that Ukraine finally ceases cooperation with the Russian Federation, the supply of "blue fuel" to Europe will be carried out exclusively by Russian gas pipelines.
The scheme for supplying methane to Europe suggests, for example, the following options:
- Nord Stream is a gas pipeline that connects Russia and Germany along the bottom of the B altic Sea. The pipeline bypasses the transit states: Belarus, Poland and the B altic countries. Nord Stream was commissioned relatively recently - in 2011.
- "Yamal-Europe" - the length of the gas pipeline is more than two thousand kilometers, the pipes pass through the territory of Russia, Belarus, Germany and Poland.
- Blue Stream is a gas pipeline that connects the Russian Federation and Turkey along the bottom of the Black Sea. Its length is 1213 km. The design capacity is 16 billion cubic meters per year.
- South Stream - the pipeline is divided intosea and land areas. The offshore section runs along the bottom of the Black Sea and connects the Russian Federation, Turkey, and Bulgaria. The length of the section is 930 km. The land section passes through the territory of Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia.
Gazprom announced that in 2017 the gas price for Europe will be increased by 8-14%. Russian analysts say that the volume of deliveries this year will be higher than in 2016. The income of the Russian gas monopoly in 2017 may grow by $34.2 billion.
Russian gas pipelines: import schemes
Near abroad countries to which Russia supplies gas include:
- Ukraine (sales volume is 14.5 bcm).
- Belarus (19, 6).
- Kazakhstan (5, 1).
- Moldova (2, 8).
- Lithuania (2, 5).
- Armenia (1, 8).
- Latvia (1).
- Estonia (0, 4).
- Georgia (0, 3).
- South Ossetia (0, 02).
Among non-CIS countries, Russian gas is used:
- Germany (delivery volume is 40.3 bcm).
- Turkey (27, 3).
- Italy (21, 7).
- Poland (9, 1).
- UK (15, 5).
- Czech Republic (0, 8) and others.
Gas supply to Ukraine
In December 2013 Gazprom and Naftogaz signed an addendum to the contract. The document indicated a new "discount" price, a third less than prescribed in the contract. The agreement entered into force on January 1, 2014, and is due to be renewed every threemonth. Due to debts for gas, Gazprom canceled the discount in April 2014, and already from April 1, the price increased to $500 per thousand cubic meters (the discounted price was $268.5 per thousand cubic meters).
Planned for construction of gas pipelines in Russia
The map of Russian gas pipelines at the development stage includes five sections. The South Stream project between Anapa and Bulgaria has not been implemented; Altai is being built - this is a gas pipeline between Siberia and Western China. The Caspian gas pipeline, which will supply natural gas from the Caspian Sea, in the future should pass through the territory of the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. For deliveries from Yakutia to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, another route is being built - Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok.
