At the end of 2014 (right before the New Year - December 24) in the country there was one less settlement called Zheleznodorozhny. The population obediently voted for the unification with another city near Moscow, Balashikha, but in fact the absorption. Whether or not the former railroad workers benefited from this, time will tell.
General information
Zheleznodorozhny is currently part of the city of Balashikha, Moscow Region of Russia, which was almost until the end of 2014 a separate city of regional subordination and the administrative center of the urban district of the same name. It has been an independent city since 1952, and since 1960 it has become a city of regional subordination. The population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Region, was approximately 152,000 in 2015. The population density (in the same year) was 6311.67 persons/km2.
The area occupied by the settlement, at the time of the merger, was 2408 hectares. The former city stretched from west to east for a distance of 7 km, but if you take into accountbuilt remotely microdistrict Kupavna, then 13 km. The railway line Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod passes through the territory, the station (formerly considered the center of the city) is located 10 km east of the Moscow Ring Road. Nearby cities: Balashikha is 8 km away, Reutov is 10 km away, and Lyubertsy is 11 km away.
After joining the urban district of Balashikha, the city was divided into 8 microdistricts: the central districts of the abolished city formed the Zheleznodorozhny district. Keramik, Kupavna, Kuchino, Olgino, Pavlino, Novoe Pavlino and Savvino were also singled out.
Origin of the name
Until 1939, the settlement had a rather unattractive name Obiralovka. According to the most decent version, it comes from the name of one of the owners or founders of the settlement.
However, the population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny considers a more "romantic" version justified. In the century before last, an "exile path" ran through small villages, later united into a city. According to it, those sentenced to exile in distant Siberia went on foot to serve their sentence. Local residents, who hunted robbery and theft on the high road, took away the last property from the prisoners. Up to the point that they took off their last clothes, that is, they robbed them. According to another similar version, the city got its name due to the fact that the same local murderers robbed merchants. The robbers hid in roadside forests and ravines, stopped merchants, and for the most part the surrounding peasants. Ripped them off completelyharnessed the horses and for the time being safely hid with prey.
At that time, the best places for ambushes were on the Vladimirskaya and Nosovikhinskaya roads. Dense, impenetrable forests with wild animals and clouds of midges over numerous swamps have long served as a safe haven for robbers. On the Vladimir road, laid along the outskirts of the forest, many travelers were robbed, although there was no more than 20 miles to go to Moscow. It was much more dangerous to drive along the Nosovikhinskaya road, which winded through the thicket of the forest. Many travelers, robbed by dashing people in these places, began to call the villages lying in the vicinity, robbed. The offensive name stuck.
In 1939, the workers' settlement was given the name Zheleznodorozhny, because the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway passed nearby. Many residents use colloquial names - Zheldor or Zhelezka. In recent years, the vernacular Zhelik has been gaining more and more popularity among the population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny. Probably, the former districts of the city, now part of Balashikha, will be called that for a long time to come.
Foundation of the city
The territory that was part of the modern city included the lands of Bogorodsky, settlements (villages and villages) of the Vasilyevsky volost (Savvino, Obiralovka and others), as well as the Pehorsky volost of the Moscow district (Kuchino, Olgino). The oldest villages of Savvino and Kuchino are described in written sources from the time of the famous Russian prince Ivan Kalita, dated 1327. Moreover, Kuchino near the Pekhorka River is the firsttime is referred to as a wasteland. In 1571 the village of Troitskoye was founded. Each of the settlements developed independently for a long time. There is no reliable information about what kind of population lived in Zheleznodorozhny (more precisely, in the settlements that later became part of it) at that time.
In the second half of the 18th century, the village of Sergeevka arose. The settlement was founded by Count Peter Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, who resettled several peasant families here, naming the settlement in honor of his youngest son. Over time, the official name was supplanted by the colloquial nickname Obiralovka. So much so that by the end of the 19th century it became the official name of not only the village, but also the railway station. Obiralovka was first mentioned in 1799 in documents during the construction of the Nizhny Novgorod railway.
Development of the region in the 19th century
According to the directory of the Moscow province, published in 1829, which allows you to judge the size of the village, it had 6 households with 23 peasants. In 1852, another official document, which spoke about the settlements of the Moscow region, recorded an increase in the number of inhabitants. The population of Zheleznodorozhny (then the village of Sergeevka-Obilovka) was 56 people, including 22 men and 35 women who lived in the same 6 yards.
In the second half of the 18th century, the rapid development of the region's economy began, with the discovery and start of industrial development of clay deposits. At the beginning of the 19th century, local industrialists, the Danilov brothers, built the first factory for the production of red bricks. About the sameAt the same time, the Moscow merchant D. I. Milovanov bought a small handicraft brick production and reorganized it into a brick factory, which produced its first products in 1875. Money began to be invested in a profitable local business, later brick factories of other merchants were built (including Kupriyanov and Golyadkin). For a long time, this industry provided jobs for the population of Zheleznodorozhny at that time.
Railway construction
In 1862, the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod railway passed through the region, and the Obiralovka railway station was built. After 15 years, a station settlement arose nearby, which received the same name. In 1866, a well was built, the water supply to which was provided by a manual engine. Revenues generated at the station began to grow rapidly, and soon greatly exceeded costs. A water pump building was built, and the railway facilities were modernized. Freight and passenger traffic has almost doubled. The station is assigned the 4th class, since it already has all the necessary infrastructure: 4 arrows, buildings for passengers and residential buildings. The station building had a telegraph office, a savings bank, a room with cash desks, a common waiting room, and special halls for the 1st and 2nd classes. The warehouse was built right behind the station, where the post office was located.
With the construction of the railway, the industry received a powerful impetus to development. The population of Zheleznodorozhny of those times began to grow rapidly, peasants began to be hired en masse at industrial enterprises,who received freedom after the abolition of serfdom.
In 1896, the grandson of the famous philanthropist Savva Morozov, manufacturer Vikula Morozov, built the Savvinskaya Manufactory factory. Next to it, the workers of the manufactory founded a village called Savvino. In 1904, the second in the world and the first on the European continent Aerodynamic Institute was founded in the village of Kuchino. Scientific work was led by the founder of modern aerodynamics, professor of Moscow University N. E. Zhukovsky. The work of the institute gave impetus to the development of the village of Kuchino as a major scientific center. A small settlement has become famous among scientists and ballooning enthusiasts in Russia and many countries around the world.
On the Eve of the Revolution
The economic development of the region was heavily dependent on the workload of the railway. For the last quarter of a century, railroad tracks have been mainly used to transport bricks. It was brought from local brick factories, many built at the beginning of the 19th century. Other often transported goods were coal, firewood, grain. In 1912, artificial lighting appeared at the station, organized with the help of kerosene incandescent lamps. The road management ensured exemplary order at the station and its surrounding area. The railway station was mentioned many times in literary works, for example, it was here that Anna Karenina, the heroine of Leo Tolstoy's story, threw herself under the train.
The population in Zheleznodorozhny increased especially sharply in 1916, in the villagethere were already about two hundred yards. The infrastructure also grew rapidly: a tea shop, a bakery and a hairdresser were opened. There was a small shop where you could buy candles, cheap cigarettes and good groceries. A liquor store has opened. The first entertainment facility appeared. Next to the local pond, which was rented by the contractor Maximov, he erected baths, and with the onset of winter, a skating rink was filled here, where those who wished were allowed to ride for a fee.
In 1916, there was a strong fire in Obiralovka, which destroyed many trading establishments. After that, a voluntary fire brigade from local residents was organized in the village. A fire shed was equipped near the pond, on which an icon was hung, and a pole with a signal bell was dug in next to it. There was one school in the village, where students studied for only three years. According to the ethnic composition, the population of Zheleznodorozhny was quite homogeneous, mostly Russians lived here, at that time they were recorded in the census as Orthodox.
Between two wars
After the civil war, the first thing they did was restore the track facilities and rolling stock. During the years of industrialization and the first five-year plan, the electrification of the railway began. Since that time, a census of the inhabitants of the village of Obiralovka began to be regularly carried out; in 1929, 1000 people lived in it. Electricity work was completed a quarter ahead of schedule. In 1933, after a solemn meeting, the first electric train was sent from the Obiralovka station to Moscow. Population fastgrew due to the influx of specialists from different parts of the country, the ethnic composition gradually began to change.
In 1939, the settlement received the status of an urban-type settlement, and at the request of the workers, as they wrote then, it was renamed the Zheleznodorozhny settlement. According to the last pre-war census, held in the same year, the population of the Zheleznodorozhny Moscow Region was 7354 people. During the war years, many residents of the village were mobilized or volunteered for the front, six of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Post-war years
In the post-war years, many industrial enterprises were built, the region continued to specialize in the production of building materials. In 1946, a pilot production of ceramic blocks and a research institute for building ceramics were opened. In 1952, a woodworking plant was launched.
In the village of Savino, not far from the weaving factory, in 1947 a workshop for the restoration of factory machine parts was organized, which in 1956 was reorganized into an electromechanical plant. In the same years, an enterprise for the production of mineral wool products was built. To work at new industrial enterprises, it was necessary to attract significant labor resources. The population of Zheleznodorozhny Mos. region in 1959 reached 19,243 people.
Getting city status
In 1952, the workers' settlement received the status of a city of district subordination, in 1960 it became a city of regional subordination. Partthen the village of Sergeevka, a station settlement and several summer cottages entered: Afanasevsky, Ivanovsky and Olgino. The history of the founding of these dachas is interesting.
Timber Afanasiev bought a land plot from Prince Golitsyn. He built his own house (now the corner of Sovetskaya and Schmidt streets), laid out in the forest the central street, which he named after his daughter Elizabeth, and several transverse streets. The space between the streets was divided into small separate plots, which he sold at a good profit. By the 19th century, a whole dacha settlement Afanasyevsky was formed, later included in the Pehorsky volost of the Moscow district.
In 1983, Ivanov I. K., a Moscow tradesman and co-owner of a sawmill, bought a plot of land from the Peasant Society in the village of Pestovo. The landowner also initially arranged the site, cut clearings for the streets, dug out a pond and opened the sale of land. Since the first house in the new settlement belonged to Ivanov, he was nicknamed Ivanovsky. Then the name was shortened to Ivanovka, which became part of the Vasilyevsky volost of the Bogoroditsky district.
The land plot on which the village of Olgino was later built was bought by the industrialist F. M. Mironov (the main shareholder of the Mironov Brothers Bunkovskaya Manufactory company) in 1908 from Prince Golitsyn. The factory owner presented the village to his wife Olga Gavrilovna for her birthday, which is why it was named Olgino.
Soviet times
In 1960, several settlements were attached to Zheleznodorozhny, including the villages of Savvinoand Kuchino, the villages of Sergeevka and Temnikovo. By 1967, the population of Zheleznodorozhny had grown to 48,000, more than doubling in eight years.
In the subsequent Soviet years, the city was actively built up. A new building of the railway station and the station square were built. The center was built up with modern high-rise buildings. The construction of the southern part of the city and the Kuchino microdistrict was actively carried out. In 1970, the population of Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow Region. amounted to 57,060 people. In the next decade, the growth rate of the number of inhabitants reached 2.45% per year. In the last years of Soviet rule (1991 and 1992), the population of Zheleznodorozhny was 100,000 people.
Modern period
After the collapse of the USSR, the city continued to specialize in the production of building materials. Today, the city's industry produces bricks, various ceramic tiles, filter ceramics, joinery for interior decoration of buildings, and mineral wool. In 1999, the first Russian factory of thermal insulation materials from Rockwool was launched. The Polish company Cersanit has launched the production of ceramic tiles and porcelain stoneware.
The population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny continued to grow by an average of 2.16-2.98% per year. In 2015, 151,985 people lived in the city. On the streets of the city you can meet people of various nationalities. However, in terms of ethnic composition, the population of Zheleznodorozhny is predominantly Russian (the average for the region is about 93% of Russians). The next largest are Ukrainians, Armenians and Tatars.
Last year of the Railway
At the end of 2014, the process of unification of two cities near Moscow - Balashikha and Zheleznodorozhny - was completed. The population of the city after the unification amounted to more than 410 thousand people. The new municipality has become the largest in the Moscow region. By decision of the deputies of the Moscow Regional Duma, the two cities were merged into one municipality, which will now be called Balashikha.
The reform was initiated by Yevgeny Zhirkov (the head of Balashikha), it was supported by the city councils of deputies and the regional authorities. Zhirkov led the city for the first year, and before that, he managed the city administration of Zheleznodorozhny for several years. Therefore, he is well aware of the strengths and weaknesses of both city districts. He believes that such a reorganization will benefit everyone, primarily in terms of solving socio-economic issues. And the population of the city of Zheleznodorozhny will lose practically nothing, especially in terms of meeting the needs for social infrastructure facilities. Balashikha has always been more promising, having a powerful industry.
In accordance with the prescribed procedures, in the two cities in early December 2014, a popular vote was held. According to the results of the vote count, more than 70% of the residents were in favor of unification. On December 25 of the same year, the Moscow Regional Duma approved the law on the unification of the cities of Balashikha and Zheleznodorozhny, retaining the name Balashikha. The law, signed by the governor, went into effect on January 22, 2015. In April there weredirect elections were held for the local parliament of the united city, according to which the head of Balashikha was appointed. The new municipality also provides for the position of the head of administration (the so-called city manager), appointed on a competitive basis. In terms of population, the city of Zheleznodorozhny (Moscow Region) at the time of the merger was in 116th place out of 1114 Russian cities.
