C. Zemin - the head of China for 13 years, from 1989 to 2002. He was the General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee. Head of the Military and Central Council of the People's Republic of China. From 1993 to 2003 Chairman of the People's Republic of China.
Family
C. Zemin was born on August 17, 1926 in Jiangsu Province, in the city of Yangzhou. A native of an intelligent family. His grandfather was a good doctor and practiced traditional Chinese medicine, was fond of calligraphy and painting. My father was a poet, published magazines, was a member of the underground communist party, but died at the age of 28 during an armed battle.
Education
Jiang Zemin received a good education. He entered the Shanghai Jiaotong Transportation University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Participated in underground work. He graduated from Shanghai University in 1947. And a year before this event, in 1946, he joined the Communist Party.
Work activity
When the People's Republic of China was formed, Jiang worked for nearly thirty years in the Ministry of Engineering. There he went a long way from an ordinary employee to the director of one of the largest research institutes.
Practice, while still a student, took place at the Moscow Automobile Plantnamed after Likhachev. Jiang was uncompromisingly against leftism. And at the end of the "cultural revolution" he was sent as part of a group of the Central Committee to work in Shanghai to investigate the illegal actions of the "gang of four".
In the early 1980s. Jiang Zemin served as the Minister of Electrical Industry, thanks to him many new technologies were introduced. He managed to establish contacts with many influential officials of the military-industrial complex. He knows perfectly well how to create special socio-economic zones and attract foreign investors to the country.
During his career, he visited many free trade zones in at least 10 countries around the world. From 1985 to 1989 worked as the mayor of Shanghai, then as the secretary of the party committee. With the help of the acquired skills, Jiang has firmly established a niche in politics.
Party activities
Jiang Zemin took over the leadership of the CCP in 1989. This happened after Ch. Ziyang, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, was relieved of his post and placed under house arrest. The reason for such disgrace was the support of protesting students who demanded political freedoms in China.
The decisive role in Jiang's appointment to a high-ranking position was his statement that he fully supports the actions of the country's leadership, thanks to which he became the first contender to replace D. Xiaoping. Jiang was recalled from Shanghai and appointed General Secretary of the Communist Chinese Party.
When Jiang came to replace Xiaoping, many believed that he was appointed to the post of head of the party temporarily. But this view quickly changed when Zemin took tight control not onlythe party itself, but also its government. As a result, Jiang became President of the PRC in 1993.
Political scientists are sure that China owes its success to Zemin's tough character, including the same quality that explains success in the political sphere. China has strengthened its position so much that it not only has its own opinion on many world problems, but also openly declares it. And now it is taken into account by the entire world community.
Political career
In the late 1960s. Jiang Zemin, whose biography is described in this article, came under criticism from the Red Guards. True, he still managed to avoid extreme consequences, but his political career was temporarily slowed down. In the early 1970s he went to Romania on a business trip. When he returned to his homeland, he moved to Beijing, as he took a responsible post in the government.
From 1980 to 1982 He was Deputy Minister in the State Commission for Export and Import. From 1982 to 1983 worked as Deputy Minister of the Electronic Industry, and in the period from 1983 to 1985. already directly the Minister of Economics. At that time, changes began to take place in China, at the initiative of the then head of state, Deng Xiao Ping. Jiang's career has been helped by his reputation as an expert in the world. As a result, he began to climb the career ladder even higher.
In 1985, when Shanghai Mayor Wang Daohang was stepping down, he recommended Jiang Zemin to take over. The government took his adviceand Jiang became the new mayor. In 1989, he was additionally appointed to the post of Chairman of the Military Central Commission. And in 1993, Jiang became the President of the People's Republic of China.
When there was a change in the General Secretary of the PRC, Jiang managed to create a temporary advantage in his own favor. But, despite the temporary retention of some top posts, he still had to become an unspoken leader, just like Deng Xiaoping once did.
Zemin's resignation
In 2002, the head of China, Q. Zemin, who was already 76 years old at that time, resigned. From 2002 to 2005, while the transfer of power was in progress, he ceded all his posts (General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, Chairman of the Republic of China and Head of the Main Military Council Hu Jintao) to his successor.
Nevertheless, Jiang, having stepped down from all high positions, retained the final say when questions touched on domestic political disputes and sensitive political issues. Hu emphasized deference to him, skipping ahead at meetings, although he was already higher in position. During these three years, while the transfer of power was in progress, Hu refrained from personnel changes, but then the gradual oppression of Zemin supporters began.
PRC: Jiang Zemin's reforms
According to his policy, Jiang not only continued the reforms that had been started before him by D. Xiaoping, but also managed to introduce new ones. China at that time was just beginning to fight for a place in world markets. Thanks to Jiang's efforts and reforms, PRC:
- was ranked 7th in the world in the areaeconomy;
- became a WTO member;
- strengthened in terms of military and economic potential;
- declared her desire to become a leader in the Asia-Pacific region;
- hosted the ASEAN summit in Shanghai;
- won the bid to host the next Olympic Games (2008).
The CCP's conservatives actively resisted the new reforms, but Jiang managed to squeeze his own "three representations" theory into the party program. This innovation equalized the intelligentsia with the peasants and workers and opened the way for private enterprise.
PRC during the reign of Jiang Zemin: friendship with the USSR
In the political biography of Zemin, the USSR occupies a special place. In the 1950s Jiang was an intern at the Automobile Plant. Stalin in the Soviet Union. It was then that Jiang developed the Soviet mentality. He is fluent in Russian, knows many sayings and proverbs in it, and sings old popular songs in Russian well.
In the 1990s. he visited Moscow already in his capacity as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1998, a diplomatic meeting "without ties" took place. In this form, it was held in the history of China for the first time. But before the meeting, Jiang first met with colleagues with whom he worked at ZIS in 1955
In 1997, he signed a diplomatic agreement with Yeltsin on a multipolar world and world order in the 21st century (Moscow - China). The document was based on equal cooperation. Jiang has long dreamed of visiting his homelandfavorite writer Leo Tolstoy and on this visit chose the time to visit these places. He was very fond of the philosophical foundations of his work. And the works of Leo Tolstoy knew absolutely everything.
Private life
Jiang Zemin is married to Wang Yeping, who worked as a mechanical engineer. Their marriage took place in 1948. Jiang's wife is also from Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou City. In marriage, they had two sons: Mianheng and Jinkang.
Hobbies
C. Zemin is fluent in English and Russian. He loves music and literature very much, writes memoirs and books. In 2006, his book with selected works was published. The start of sales was widely covered on central television. Thanks to one of the Chinese teachers, Jiang's poems were included in the school curriculum in the literature textbook.
He tried to achieve success in the field of poetic creativity. In 1991, his poem was published, dedicated to the harsh winter that raged in the northwest region of China. And one of the last poems was created during the ascent to the Yellow Mountain - this is one of the sacred Chinese peaks. In 2001, Jiang wrote three more poems, one of which was dedicated to Fidel Castro.
C. Zemin sings well and sometimes demonstrated this in duets with famous Chinese singers or their foreign counterparts. For example, Luciano Pavarotti said that Jiang could well become a big opera star. Once the head of China invited him, Placido Domingo and José Carreras to dine after a concert in Beijing. Allthe four gathered decided to add some creativity to the dinner and sang. Pavarotti was amazed when the President of China unexpectedly and quite professionally sang a duet with him.
