The Red Book of the Kaluga Region (its animals and plants are the subject of our article) is a document issued in 2006. Based on the Decree of the regional government of 1998. This includes those living organisms that need increased attention from the population, because their numbers are very limited. The list is structured in such a way that species are identified that are practically disappearing (they are indicated by one) and those whose abundance is still being studied (number 4). Unfortunately, there are those who have completely disappeared from the region. Opposite their definition is 0.
This list is quite large, we will go through the pages of the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, where living organisms are listed with the mark "1" - they are the smallest.
Mushrooms, mosses and lichens
To begin with, let's dwell on the representatives of the kingdom of fungi, mosses and lichens. It should be said that a large number of them are under protection in the Red Book of the Kaluga land. Among mushrooms, for example, the following cause the greatest fear for their fate.
Sarcosoma globular. This is a very rare mushroom of a very interesting species. Heresembles a fairly large (10 cm in diameter) barrel of water sunk in moss. Color - brown-brown.
It should be said that the mushroom is highly valued in medicine. The liquid that fills the fruiting body has special healing properties. It is used for rheumatism, to relieve nervous tension, just as a good process stimulant.
Ramariopsis beautiful. This mushroom can be found on dry, heated slopes; it prefers deciduous forests with humus-rich soil. It grows at the end of summer and until October, most often in "families", similar to small bushes. The reduction in numbers has not been studied thoroughly. Scientists agree that the reason is the extraction of limestone rocks in places of growth.
Among the mosses one can single out Kalliergon giant. It is found in swamps, in backwaters prone to overgrowing. The 30 cm long shoots justify the name of the moss.
The Red Data Book of the Kaluga Region also pays attention to ferns. So, Centipede ordinary, growing in the crevices of rocks and between stones, is a stunted fern. It should be noted that this is the only plant in the middle lane that lives on others (epiphyte) and uses them only as a basis for growth.
Herbs
Let's consider what else the Red Book of the Kaluga Region contains in its list. Animals and plants listed in it are very diverse. If we talk about herbs, then it should be noted burdocks, cereal and crowded. They differ only in the shape of the leaves. At cereal theythinner. Aquatic plant, prefers clean lake water.
Feather grass is another specially protected plant. Previously, he was a common regular in the steppes and fields, but economic activity and grazing have put the plant in danger of extinction. It is very easy to identify this type of cereal: thin hairs similar to feathers run along the awn.
The Red Book of the Kaluga region, mushrooms, whose plants we are considering, has also been replenished with sedge. Let's analyze the smallest population of this plant - Hartmann's sedge. Prefers moist soils of deciduous forests, banks of water bodies. Reaches up to 70 cm in length, the stem is crowned with a spikelet, branched at its base.
A flower with charming white inflorescences - a branched corolla, is also under protection in Kaluga.
Prefers limestone soils, sunny dry glades. Most often this is the edge of the forest. Rarely found in the wild, more often cultivated in gardens and summer cottages.
Trees
Among the trees that the Red Book of the Kaluga Region contains (by the way, animals and plants are also represented in it), it is worth noting willow, Lopar and blueberry. The first prefers to grow in well-moistened swamps. Since recently most of them have been drained, the tree dies. This is a small shrub, reaching two meters. It is covered with whitish leaves with a peculiar edge.
Blueberry willow combines dark purplish bark with bright, slightly glaucous leaves. Shrub low growing in swamps.
Another undersized tree - birch squat. It also prefers swampy soils. Thin branches are completely covered with small leaves and warts. A distinctive feature is the earrings looking up. It is on the verge of extinction due to human development of swamps for peat extraction.
Insects
The Red Book of the Kaluga region, whose animals and plants are the subject of our article, contains a large number of insects of various species. Representatives of this type are the largest number in the list. Let's focus on the rarest.
First, let's talk about ground beetles. These are representatives of the family of the same name are very rare on the Kaluga land. So, well, the shiny snake prefers coniferous forests, where it hunts other insects. The name speaks for itself: a bright green body with a golden sheen.
Sizes average, fluctuate up to 18 mm. Also rare are ground beetles golden-pitted and violet. The extinction of the species is associated with the destruction of their habitats during the search for minerals. The poisoning of forests with pesticides also plays an important role.
The spring dung beetle population is also under threat. This golden-green beetle reaches two centimeters in size. The wings are rounded. Settles under heaps of manure. The limiting factors are most likely related to habitat destruction.
Two types of bronzes should be noted - smooth and shiny. These beetles are very impressive in size (up to 3 cm)prefer to settle on trees, where they produce offspring in rotten bark. Smooth bronze has a golden-green color, and shiny has a metallic sheen. The main limiting factor is the cutting down of old, rotten trees, habitats of bronze.
Birds
We should also note the endangered birds of the Kaluga region. Many members of this family are under threat, but the following are of particular concern.
Dubrovnik. This inhabitant of meadows with tall grasses belongs to the passeriformes. This migratory bird is so few in number due to the reduction of suitable nesting sites.
Garden bunting is another representative of passerines. This small bird has a gray-green color.
Bunting is a migratory bird, arrives to nest.
Toadstools lesser and black-necked are water birds that do not find optimal nesting sites in the Kaluga region. They prefer to settle in heavily overgrown water bodies.
Mammals
Speaking of the Red Data Book of the Kaluga region, one cannot fail to mention mammals. Bats are especially protected here, for example, a giant evening.
Feline representatives are also few in this region. First of all, it is a lynx. The brown bear and bison are also rare here.
Mammals are forest animals, so the reduction in their numbers is associated with the development of territories and the narrowing of habitats. In addition, suchanimals like lynx or, for example, mink are frequent prey for poachers because of their very valuable fur.
