Modern man is a consumer of not only goods, but also services. The development of the non-production sector is the most important indicator in the economy of any state.
What is non-manufacturing?
This concept refers to all economic sectors that satisfy the non-material needs of people in society. Such needs include the organization, redistribution and use of material values, spiritual benefits, the development of various aspects of the personality, as well as he alth care. The non-productive sphere meets the social needs of society and each individual in it.
This includes the concept of "spiritual production". This term was introduced by Karl Marx, who understood it as the production of skills, abilities, ideas, artistic images and values. The non-manufacturing sector also includes industries that are engaged in the production of services.
The difference between a service and a product
A person is an object of labor for employees of an enterprise that provides services. A product is a certain object or thing endowed with certain properties. Hewas obtained as a result of work done in the past. The service, on the other hand, has only useful properties that are not attached to a material carrier, and is the result of labor in the present. The service sells the labor of the employee of the company that provides it, it cannot change its owner, unlike the goods. Services have no cost. However, they have a price, which is determined by the cost of the worker's ability to work and the material resources expended.
The non-production sphere is based on the material base. Without material production, it could not exist. After all, services are ultimately exchanged for goods. Workers involved in material production also provide for those who work in the service sector.
Non-manufacturing industries
Sociologists identify 15 industries:
- Utilities;
- sales (commercial);
- catering;
- household services: home care, repair and customization of various product groups, personal care;
- school and preschool education;
- medicine;
- social services;
- recreational services;
- serving cultural institutions;
- information support;
- finance and insurance;
- legal support for citizens;
- legal and notary services;
- communication;
- transportation.
Often, enterprises are engaged in the provision of several types of services of variousindustries.
The non-productive sphere, together with all its institutions and enterprises providing material services, together constitutes a social infrastructure.
There are also service industries that cater to large social groups:
- government management;
- secondary, primary, higher education;
- science;
- state security agencies;
- public associations.
Link to Productivity
The non-productive sphere does not create new value. However, this does not mean that such work is useless for society. Material production underlies social welfare. Non-manufacturing industries are a superstructure to the material ones and cannot exist without them.
National income is not created by the non-productive sphere, since it focuses on the comprehensive spiritual development of a person, his state of he alth, etc. Nevertheless, it can affect productivity, improve the skills of personnel, that is, it indirectly affects the national income state.
The situation in modern Russia
The non-productive sphere of the economy is a reflection of the needs of society and changes in their structure depending on the standard of living of citizens. In modern Russia, more than 30% of the population works in this area.
The non-production sector in our country is characterized by territorial differentiationaccording to the level of its development. Such differences are inherent when comparing both individual regions and federal districts. Territorial differentiation is one of the causes of internal migration. It arose in the 60s of the last century.
Centers of the non-productive sphere have a hierarchy:
- Moscow.
- Central cities of federal subjects.
- District centers.
- Centers of rural settlements.
- Rural settlements.
Organizations engaged in recreational and he alth resort services have their own specifics of territorial distribution. They depend on the location of the natural and socio-economic base. Therefore, two largest centers have formed in Russia - the North Caucasus and the Black Sea.
The non-productive sphere is represented in the economy by industries that are engaged in meeting the cultural and spiritual needs of a person. It is closely connected with material production and strongly depends on it. In our country, non-material production industries are characterized by territorial differentiation.
