Premises, structures, buildings where people are temporarily or permanently in significant numbers are objects of the social sphere. They can be divided into classes and types according to the way they are used. Social facilities in our turbulent times must ensure the safety of the people there, including from the terrorist threat. Here it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the contingent - age, physical condition, and the like, as well as its number. Such objects of the social sphere are categorized (classified) precisely because each class and type, that is, each category, requires the creation of an appropriate level of protection, and this is determined by the specifics and scope of security, organizational, regime and other measures to fully protect them from threats, including including terrorist ones.
Categories
The classification criteria are the following parameters, selected in a practical way from the point of view of expediency:
1. Functional features.
2. The predicted consequences of a terrorist attack at the facility.
3. The degree of security that objects of the social sphere have.
4. The significance and concentration of cult, cultural, historical, artistic, material values located at this facility, and the predicted consequences of criminal encroachments on these values.
5. The number of personnel and citizens (visitors) who are at the facility at a time.
However, the functional attribute dominates in the classification: a polyclinic is either a children's theater, a nursing home or a stadium. The first category is objects of temporary, including round-the-clock, or permanent residence of people. The classification of social facilities begins with those that have sleeping quarters, regardless of the age of the people staying there: boarding schools and children's institutions, hospitals, homes for the elderly and disabled (not apartment type), preschool children's institutions. Further there are boarding houses, motels, campsites, rest houses and sanatoriums, hostels, hotels. The protection of social facilities is also very important here. This also includes residential buildings - apartment buildings. The second point of this classification is cultural, educational and entertainment institutions, the main premises of which are characterized by the mass stay of visitors in certain periods of time. It can be a cinema, a concert hall, a club, a circus, a children's theater and a regular theater, a stadium and other sports facilities where there is an estimated number of seats for spectators. To this classinclude both indoor and outdoor stands. For example, an equestrian sports complex where races are held, and therefore there are places for spectators. All museums, dance halls, exhibitions, and the like are also in this class.
Public service
Establishments where there are more visitors than employees serving them belong to the third type. These are objects of the social sphere, the list of which is not so long. These are outpatient clinics and polyclinics, sports and recreational institutions. This also includes their domestic premises, sports and training facilities (without stands). The fourth section of this classification includes design and scientific organizations, educational institutions, and administrative institutions. These premises are used only for a certain time during the day, and there is a permanent contingent there, who is accustomed to these conditions. Usually these are people of a certain physical condition and age. For example, schools and out-of-school, secondary special, vocational educational institutions, universities, institutions for advanced training. This also includes design, editorial, publishing, information, research organizations, offices, offices, banks, management institutions.
Otherwise, the same objects of the social sphere are classified by types of protection. Their definition by class is as follows. There are objects that are subject to state protection, for others - the protection of PBOs (non-departmental security units) is mandatory, and othersguarded by private security organizations (private security organizations), the fourth are guarded by everyone - from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation to private security organizations, PBOs and similar organizations, and the fifth have no protection. Such distribution is made with a forecast of possible consequences if a terrorist act is committed, and the main criteria are the number of victims, the amount of material damage, and the emergency zone. Everything related to the objects of the social sphere is classified according to these two criteria: functional and types of protection.
Social work
The life of all groups and strata of the population depends primarily on the conditions that predetermine the level of development of society, the state of social care, social policy and its content, as well as the possibility of implementing it. The characteristics of social facilities directly depend on all of the above, since social services are necessary for all people without exception, regardless of age, he alth, occupation, and so on.
The population is naturally structured, and the reasons for each structure are very different. Some need a theater, and others need an equestrian complex. Still others find themselves in such a difficult life situation that without a certain object of the social sphere they cannot solve the problems that have arisen. Such a contingent needs social assistance, support, and protection. The reasons can be deviant behavior, trouble in the family, he alth, orphanhood, homelessness, and the like. These people themselves become the object - but the social work of certaininstitutions: courts, hospitals, administrative offices and other organizations.
Reality
According to the spheres of people's life, another important group can be identified, requiring the work of certain objects of the social sphere. First of all, it is the production infrastructure, environment, environment, and so on. The form of settlement is also extremely important, since the concentration of people is extremely uneven: in the metropolis, for example, there is even a state circus, but in the village the cinema did not survive either.
There are also intermediate forms of settlement, where the saturation with household and cultural objects also leaves much to be desired. For many people, the rural library is also inaccessible, since in the whole country they are closed no less often than hospitals, schools and kindergartens. Transport and landscaping, which are in the department of local administrative objects of the social sphere, are almost everywhere in stagnation. But communication facilities are developing, there is the Internet almost everywhere, and therefore the rural library is not in demand enough.
Infrastructure
Objects of the social sphere constitute the social infrastructure in the aggregate of enterprises and industries that ensure the normal existence and livelihoods of the population. This includes housing and its construction, the sphere of housing and communal services, cultural facilities, organizations and enterprises of the he althcare system, educational institutions and preschool education. Organizations are indispensableand businesses related to leisure and recreation. This also includes: catering, retail, services, passenger transport, sports and recreation facilities, public service relations, legal and notary offices, banks and savings banks … The list of social facilities is much longer.
The process of infrastructure development has accelerated significantly in all countries without exception with a high level of economic performance since the second half of the twentieth century. The scientific and technological revolution required not only a sharp increase in intelligence and the quality of the workforce, but also he alth promotion. All labor motivations have changed, which served as an incentive for the development of various areas of the social sphere. The creation of a qualitatively new technologically material base in the infrastructure sectors ensured its highly efficient functioning. All branches of material production have undergone a scientific and technological revolution, which significantly reduced the number of people employed there, and as a result, it became possible to significantly redistribute the workforce from production to the service sector, so the variety of infrastructure facilities has become more significant, and their number has grown many times over. The quality and standard of living of the population for the most part have improved.
Infrastructure of the economy
The classification of economic objects of the social sphere consists of two areas - production and non-production, that is, social, which, in turn,is divided into industries and sub-sectors related to the production process. This is how the conditions for social and labor activity of people are provided, their existence is enriched with the services of everyday life, culture, interpersonal and social communication. Thus, the entire social infrastructure can be divided into socio-economic, which ensures the comprehensive development of the human personality - this is culture, he alth care, education, and domestic, which creates the necessary conditions for people's life - this is the housing stock, utilities, retail, and so on..
Statistical studies, which are carried out on their own within the country, as well as by international organizations, in the estimates put the level of social infrastructure in the first place. For example, indicators such as the number of beds in hospitals, the number of doctors, teachers in primary and secondary schools. Such objects characterize not only the level of social infrastructure, but also a fully existing reality. With the help of such studies, it is possible to designate a stable set of all material elements that provide the conditions for rational and effective human activity in all aspects of personal and social life. This approach to the classification of objects in the social sphere is somewhat general, but in comparison with others it is of great importance in practical application.
Point and linearity
Social infrastructure is divided into "point" and "linear", wherethe latter should be understood as networks of roads and railways, power transmission and communications, and the like. The definition of point infrastructure is the objects themselves, such as theaters, libraries, schools, clinics and everything else. This type of classification can be applied at almost all levels of the organization of the social sphere. A production organization has some elements of a linear infrastructure, but in general it is a point, and if we take into account the level of the economic region, then the division will be almost equal, moreover, interacting.
This way of classification clearly defines the form of infrastructure organization, without detailing its content. Studying the problems of the economy of the region, they usually use the concepts of general infrastructure, elements of inter-district significance of infrastructure facilities, and the like. If the specific certainty that is always inherent in social infrastructure is not at the forefront, such a division not only has the right to exist, but is also quite convenient for monitoring large areas.
List
The fact that social infrastructure facilities consist of a complex of various educational, cultural and he alth institutions, catering and trade enterprises, passenger transport, water supply and sewerage, financial, postal and telegraph institutions, sports and recreation facilities (this does not include only sports palaces, stadiums and swimming pools, but also rest houses, and parks with entertainment and sports programs) - in a word, incrediblethe number of entities that are absolutely different from each other, differing in their functions, goals and objectives, indicates the impossibility of compiling a complete picture.
The element-by-element characteristic of the infrastructure is similar to the usual enumeration series, where each institution, institution, organization is practically not connected with each other in any way, and other types of activities of the population are taken into account rather weakly. It is more convenient and much more legitimate to classify the objects of social culture in relation to the levels of organization of the society in question. Since there is no universal classification method as such, the division occurs according to the tasks assigned to analysts.
Analysis
Most often they begin with an analysis of the infrastructure of society as a whole. The practice of management uses quite widely both general and calculated indicators that characterize the level of condition, provision and development trends for each of the infrastructure elements. The very development of indicators provides an opportunity to study the relationship and mutual influence of the meaningful processes of the development of society and the existing material base.
At the level of a large economic region, social infrastructure is studied within its rather closed economic system, while it is possible to compare the development indicators of different economic units, which provides the basis for obtaining rich information regarding the achievement, advance or lag of one or another object from others and to reach a decision to take effective action. Already at this level, it is necessary to introduce certainamendments to the development coefficient, taking into account the climatic, national and other characteristics of the region.
Administrative divisions
Social infrastructure is also classified in relation to the administrative division - republics, territories, regions, districts, cities, since this is also a necessary element for concretizing universal problems. At any of these levels, some of the fragments of the social infrastructure may be missing. If the social organization is not up to par, the set of objects of the social sphere will naturally be limited. The main criterion here is quantitative, clearly defining how much the needs of the population in their everyday life are satisfied. There is a necessary set of infrastructure elements, that is, a certain list of social facilities that cannot be replaced by anything. Not a single, even the best, additional canteen will replace the missing clinic, and even if the district has a club in every locality, and in some places chic cultural palaces, this will not justify closed kindergartens.
Needs of a different order - higher education, certain sports, artistic creativity and the like should also be fully satisfied. Such infrastructure elements should be distributed in the territory according to the number of the living population. State theaters, for example, do not open in cities with less than two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants, however, people should not feel deprived - they must be served: eitherthey organize trips, or the nearest theater goes on tour, and also creative amateur associations are necessarily created.
