An ancient town in the Ivanovo region with a beautiful, slightly non-Russian and strange name is located on the picturesque banks of the Volga. The population of Kineshma is rightly proud of the beautiful city landscapes that have preserved the true spirit of a real provincial Russian city.
Why did they call it that?
Russian archaeologist of the 19th century Uvarov noted that not quite Russian names are often found in central Russia. Especially if they are associated with water objects (hydronyms). Later, settlements that were built near water sources received the names of rivers, lakes and swamps. The same situation was with Kineshma.
In ancient times, the Finno-Ugric tribes of Chud and Merya lived on the territory of the region, which later completely disappeared among the Slavic peoples. The toponym Kineshma refers to their extinct language. It is most likely that the name translates as "deep dark water", "calm harbor" and "foamy". There is also a more exotic version - "stone grain hidden in swamps". However, everyone admits that the name is associated with water. It made it clearthe same Uvarov in his historical writings.
There is also a folk version of the origin, which some part of the population of Kineshma like more. According to legend, the Cossack ataman Stenka Razin once sailed here with his gang on plows loaded with booty after a "campaign for zipuns" to Persia. A beautiful Persian princess sat next to the main robber, thinking about the bleak prospects of living together with the barbarian. Sailing past these historical sites, she asked: "Will you throw me?"
Overview
The city is the administrative center of the Kineshma region. Old buildings of textile factories built of red brick, merchant mansions, manors of manufacturers and boulevards over the Volga have been preserved here. A peculiar mix of the merchant world in the spirit of Ostrovsky's plays and the factory world of Maxim Gorky gives a special identity to this Volga town. According to tourists - sweet and cozy.
In terms of economic development and population, Kineshma is the second city in the Ivanovo region. 83.4 thousand people live in the settlement. The official name of the inhabitants of the city of Kineshma: men - Kineshma, women - Kineshma, the general name is Kineshma. The main enterprises belong to the machine-building, chemical and light industries (clothing and textile). The Kineshma Employment Center offers jobs at many enterprises in these industries.
The city is located at the intersection of the main transport routes connectingmetropolitan and western regions. It has well-developed transport communications: road, local air (a small airport from which helicopters fly to Kostoroma and Yuryevets), rail and river communications.
Despite the presence of large industrial enterprises, the environmental situation is quite favorable. This was facilitated by the closure of some factories, but mostly large water and forest areas.
Geographical characteristic
The city is located on the right bank of the Volga River, 30 kilometers from the border with the Kostroma region and 120 km from the Nizhny Novgorod region. To the capital of the country - 400 km, to the regional center - 100 km, to Kostroma - 90 km. On the other side of Kineshma is the small town of Zavolzhsk, the nearest settlements up the Volga are the city of Navoloki, downstream are the villages of Reshma and Yuryevets.
Kineshma is located in a natural area, which is called "Volga Switzerland" because of the excellent natural and climatic conditions and the landscape, favorable for recreation and tourism. The city is located on the border of mixed forests and European taiga. The Volga (Gorky Reservoir) and several of its tributaries flow in the city: Kineshma, Tomna, Kazokha. The population of Kineshma likes to spend time on numerous water bodies, fishing, swimming or just admiring the picturesque landscapes. Residents and guests of the city speak warmly about the recreational opportunities of reservoirs, beautiful views of the boulevards over the Volga and boat trips. River harbor of Kishenemka -the traditional venue for the Russian championships in powerboating, where 6 world records were set.
Kineshma was built up along the banks of the river, now the length along the Volga is about 15 km. The area occupied by the city is 48.9 thousand hectares, including buildings and structures on 26.3 thousand hectares, 0.33 thousand hectares are occupied by forests, and 0.12 thousand hectares are water bodies. The climate is temperate continental, with relatively hot summers and frosty winters with constant snow cover. The coldest month in the region is January with an average temperature of minus 11.5 to 12 °C, the warmest summer month is July with an average temperature of plus 17.5 to 18.7 °C.
Population
Data on how many people lived in Kineshma at the time of formation (1777) has not been preserved. Some estimate of the number of citizens can be given by the fact that during the war of 1812 a militia of 1278 people was formed here. The first official data on the population of the city of Kineshma appeared in 1856, when 2100 people lived in it. In the second half of the 19th century, the city's population grew due to the development of industry and river trade. There are interesting data from 1894, when the population of the city of Kineshma was 4398 inhabitants, of which 186 were nobles, 82 were religious figures, 2111 were philistines, 1870 were peasants, and 149 were other classes. People of the Orthodox faith made up 96%. By 1897, the number of inhabitants increased to 7600. The maximum number of the pre-revolutionary period was recorded in 1913 - 9200.
During the Soviet period, the first burst of rapid population growth occurred during industrialization. From 1926 to 1939, the population of Kineshma increased from 33,700 to 75,000. The increase was mainly due to the influx of the rural population and specialists from other regions. In the post-war period, the population increased, reaching 100,000 in 1976, due to massive technical re-equipment and the construction of new industries. From 1986 to 1991, the maximum number of inhabitants in history lived in the city - 105,000. Since that time, the population has been steadily declining, in recent years, slightly. In 2017, 83,871 people lived in the city. Slight fluctuations in the number of residents greatly facilitates the organization of social protection of the population of Kineshma.
Economy
The city is an ancient industrial center of the country, the largest share in the industry is occupied by the engineering industry - 43%, the traditional light industry, mainly textile and clothing, occupies 24%, chemical production - 17%.
The total volume of manufactured products in 2017 amounted to 7.7 billion rubles, which is slightly less than in the previous year - the industrial production index will be 99.6%. The production of garments is increasing (industrial production index - 106.1%), which are produced by small businesses. In total, products were produced for 858 million rubles. The production of textile products also increased to 285 million rubles. Mainenterprises: Kineshma Spinning and Weaving Factory and NetTeks.
The once largest machine-building plant "Avtoagregat" now produces spare parts and accessories for cars, with a production volume of 720 million rubles. The main part of the area is given over to the technopark. The curtailment of production at Avtoagregat and other flagships of the city's Soviet industry hit the population of Kineshma hard, forcing many to leave for other regions in search of work.
Slightly increased (103.6%) the volume of production of food industry enterprises. It amounted to 800 million rubles. Main enterprises: Kineshma bakery, "Volga-Khleb" and Kineshma city dairy plant.
Historic Enterprises
Kineshma is famous for its old plants and factories, many of which are still working. According to tourists and residents, solid factory buildings of the 19th century give a peculiar flavor to the city landscapes.
In 1878, the famous Russian inventor A. I. Byuskenmeister founded the Electrocontact enterprise, where the production of galvanic coals was organized, the first in the Russian Empire. Now the plant produces electro-carbon products and products from metal powders. In 1894, a pottery and tile factory was built, currently "Polikor", which produces refractory materials.
One of the oldest enterprises - textile factory "Tomna", founded in 1879year, he is engaged in the production of cotton fabrics, medical bandages and wipes.
Industrialists from Vichuga Kormilitsyn and Razorenov built a factory on the bank, near the confluence of the Tomna River with the Volga, calling it the Volga-Tomneska paper-spinning factory.
The spinning factory "Krasnaya Vetka" was organized in 1881 by the Razorenov brothers, then simply called "Vetka". The company produces cotton yarn. The female population of Kineshma has been working at these textile enterprises since ancient times.
The largest enterprise in the chemical industry is the Dmitrievsky Chemical Plant, which produces organic solvents and food acids. The enterprise for the production of acetic acid and its s alts was built by the famous manufacturer S. Morozov in May 1899 on the Dmitrievka River.
Kineshma Employment Center
The city has a government agency whose main tasks are to promote businesses and help the city's population to provide employment. The Employment Center helps enterprises to attract labor resources, and the able-bodied population - to find suitable jobs. Organizes temporary employment and paid public works, deals with the payment of unemployment benefits. In addition to providing work, the Kineshma Employment Center provides assistance in moving to a place of work for the unemployed and their families. The Employment Center also provides psychological support to the unemployed.
Institutionprovides vocational and additional training, social adaptation of young people looking for a job for the first time, women on parental leave and pensioners who intend to work. For such categories of citizens, special vacancies are allocated at the Kineshma Employment Center.
Ancient history
In ancient times, back in the III-II millennium BC. e., in this area, the Finno-Ugric tribes of the Meryans roamed through the dense virgin forests, who built their settlements along the banks of the rivers. Around the 9th century, Slavic tribes began to raid these villages. Later, in 859, according to The Tale of Bygone Years, the Varangians managed to impose tribute on the Meryans. The last mentions as a separate people date back to 907, when they participated in the campaigns of Prince Oleg against Constantinople. The Meryans, later fully entering the Russian ethnic group, left the name of their homeland - Kineshma.
The date of foundation of the settlement is unknown. The first written mention of the city dates back to 1429, when it was destroyed by the hordes of the Kazan Khan. In 1504, according to a special spiritual charter signed by Prince Ivan III of Moscow, the settlement of Kineshma, together with the city of Lukh, was granted to Prince F. I. Belsky. More than 5 centuries have passed, and part of the city is still called Belovskaya.
At the beginning of the 16th century, Kineshma is mentioned in various sources as a rural settlement, as a small settlement on the Volga coast, whose inhabitants were engaged in fishing for themselves and the Russian Tsar. In addition, s alt was mined here,evaporated from groundwater. The Belskys owned the settlement for about a hundred years, then it again became the sovereign's possession.
In 1536-1537, Kazan Tatars again plundered Kineshma, so it was decided to erect a fortress. A settlement was formed between the fortress wall and the Kineshma River, where most of the inhabitants lived. During the time of Ivan the Terrible, the territory was given to the guardsmen, the region was plundered. The land was no longer cultivated, the population of Kineshma abandoned their homes and fled from arbitrariness to other regions.
New time
During the Time of Troubles, Kineshma was a settlement, a settlement near the fortress wall, where artisans lived and worked. The Kineshma militia under the leadership of the voivode Fyodor Boborykin participated in repelling the Polish-Lithuanian intervention. Three major battles took place on the territory of the city, in one of them, on the site where Revolution Square is now located, the militia was defeated, and the city was plundered. By order of the Polish nobleman Lisovsky, a wooden church was burned, along with women and children who had hidden there. The remaining residents buried the dead in a mass grave, later a chapel was built on this site. When the militia of Minin and Pozharsky passed along the banks of the Volga to Moscow, the population of Kineshma replenished the Russian troops. The residents also helped with money and provisions, transported the militia along the overflowing rivers to neighboring Kostroma.
In 1777 the settlement received the status of a city. In 1779, by personal decree of Catherine the Great, a coat of arms was approved in the form of a shield, inthe upper blue part of which was depicted a galley - a sign of belonging to the Kostroma province. Below, on a green field, were two rolls of canvas. In those years, the population of Kineshma was mostly engaged in the production and sale of linen fabrics. In the war of 1812, the inhabitants of Kineshma, as part of the Kostroma militia, joined the army of Kutuzov M. I.
In 1871, a railroad was laid in the city, which connected it with the capital. The need for it arose due to the fact that Kineshma was a rapidly developing industrial center. In the second half of the 19th century, factories for the production of dyes and vitriol, iron foundries, textile factories and other enterprises opened.
Modern history
In the Soviet period, industry, engineering infrastructure and high-rise housing were intensively developed in the city. The population of Kineshma, Ivanovo region, grew rapidly, thanks to the influx of labor from other regions and villages. Since the 1930s, a broad re-equipment of nationalized enterprises and the organization of new ones began. Including in 1967, the Avtoagregat plant was built, which produced components for the Moskvich car.
The dashing 90s did not survive many industrial enterprises, the river port was closed. In 2003, an automobile bridge across the Volga and a bypass road were built. In 2010, Volzhsky Boulevard was reconstructed and the lower embankment was built, in the same year Kineshma was recognized as a historical settlement.
