In 1918, during the civil war, Baku oil and Donetsk coal stopped flowing to Russia. The lighting in houses and on the streets went out, most enterprises stopped working, low-power power plants stopped working. The country was threatened with destruction. The young government of Soviet Russia was looking for ways to resolve the energy crisis. They remembered the local fuel - peat and brown coal of the Moscow region. After all, in 1914, the world's first state district power station "Electrotransfer" with a capacity of 15 MW was already operating on peat in the Moscow region.
In the autumn of 1918, they found a place on the banks of the river. Oki near the village of Ternovo. Here the Kashirskaya GRES was built. The railroad passing by was used to transport fuel. In March 1919, the project was ready, and in April construction began. The Defense Council declared the construction to be the most important thing for the state. The necessary resources were allocated, but they were still not enough. In June, more than 500 people worked at the construction site, and a year later - more than 2,000. By 1920, the construction part was completed. But due to all kinds of inconsistencies and disorganization, only in October 1921 the first generator was put on trial. In November - a trial run of the second generator. First electricityThe Kashirskaya GRES gave power to the grid on April 30, 1922. The official launch and grand opening took place on June 4, 1922. In the 1920s and 1930s, technologies for the use of local fuels - brown coal, peat, etc. were developed, and the station's capacity was increased to 205 MW (according to the GOELRO project - 60 MW). Combined production was also tested: electricity and heat for industry and the residential sector.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Kashirskaya GRES, until the last opportunity, was the only one providing the city of gunsmiths Tula (almost surrounded by the Germans) with electricity. One of the wires of the Kashira-Tula power line was used for a reliable and secret communication channel between Tula and Moscow using HF telephones (high-frequency communications). In the same weeks, the main equipment was evacuated to the east. Reanimation of the station began in January 1942. In February 1943, they received pre-war capacity. After the war, power units with supercritical steam parameters were built, and the power was increased to 2 MW.
In 2012, the Kashirskaya GRES-worker solemnly celebrated its 90th anniversary. All these years, almost a century, it has provided people with light and heat, and industry with energy.
Iriklinskaya GRES is located on the bank of the river. Ural, in the Southern Urals. For the construction of this station, the Iriklinskaya hydroelectric power station (Hydroelectric power station) with a capacity of 30 MW was first built with the formation of a reservoir for the operation of the state district power station. Work began in 1963 and continued until 1985. The power plant includes 8 power units of 300 MW each. In 1975, the first stage was put into operation -four blocks of 300 MW each and two previously built first blocks also of 300 MW each. The capacity of the first stage is 1800 MW. The second stage - 2 blocks of 300 MW each was built in 1978 - 1979, and in 1985 the second stage was put into operation together with the village of Energetik. The total capacity from the Iriklinskaya HPP is 2430 MW, the thermal capacity is 121 Gcal/h. The main type of fuel is Bukhara natural gas. The GRES provides electricity to the Magnitogorsk complex of plants, enterprises of the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions, Bashkiria and Kazakhstan.
Here, great attention is paid to reducing the impact on the environment. In 2012, a bypass canal was built and water consumption from the reservoir was reduced by 20%. A device has also been built to scare away fish and prevent them from getting into the pumps of the power plant.
Permskaya GRES is located on the banks of the Kama reservoir, 70 km north of Perm. It has three steam-powered power units of 800 MW each with a total capacity of 2,400 MW and a thermal capacity of 620 Gcal/h. The GRES provides electricity to the Perm region, the Ural region, etc. The construction of the power plant began in 1976 on the right bank of a huge man-made sea - the Kama reservoir. After 10 years, the first power unit was launched. Design fuel is hard coal, real fuel is gas from Yamburg and Urengoy.
In the near future, the launch of a new power unit with a steam-gas cycle, with an efficiency of more than 56-58%, while the efficiency of steam power units does not exceed 43-45%. This unit is scheduled to be commissioned in 2015 andincrease electricity generation from the same amount of fuel by 20 - 25%.
