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Video: Absolute zero temperature - the point of cessation of the movement of molecules
2024 Author: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-02-12 02:42
The term "temperature" appeared at a time when physicists thought that warm bodies consist of a larger amount of a specific substance - caloric - than the same bodies, but cold. And the temperature was interpreted as a value corresponding to the amount of caloric in the body. Since then, the temperature of any body is measured in degrees. But in fact, it is a measure of the kinetic energy of moving molecules, and, based on this, it should be measured in Joules, in accordance with the C system of units.
The concept of "absolute zero temperature" comes from the second law of thermodynamics. According to it, the process of transferring heat from a cold body to a hot one is impossible. This concept was introduced by the English physicist W. Thomson. For achievements in physics, the Queen of England granted him the noble title of "Lord" and the title of "Baron Kelvin". In 1848, W. Thomson (Kelvin) suggested using a temperature scale, in which he took the absolute zero temperature corresponding to the limiting cold as the starting point, and took degrees Celsius as the division price. The unit of Kelvin is 1/27316 of the temperature of the triple point of water (about 0 degrees C), i.e. temperature at which pure water immediatelyIt comes in three forms: ice, liquid water and steam. Absolute zero temperature is the lowest possible low temperature at which the movement of molecules stops, and it is no longer possible to extract thermal energy from the substance. Since then, the absolute temperature scale has been named after him.
Temperature is measured on different scales
The most commonly used temperature scale is called the Celsius scale. It is built on two points: on the temperature of the phase transition of water from liquid to vapor and water to ice. A. Celsius in 1742 proposed to divide the distance between reference points into 100 intervals, and take the boiling point of water as zero, while the freezing point is 100 degrees. But the Swede K. Linnaeus suggested doing the opposite. Since then, water freezes at zero degrees A. Celsius. Although it should boil exactly in Celsius. Absolute zero in Celsius is minus 273.16 degrees Celsius.
There are several more temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Réaumur, Rankine, Newton, Roemer. They have different reference points and scale intervals. For example, the Reaumur scale is also built on the benchmarks of boiling and freezing of water, but it has 80 divisions. The Fahrenheit scale, which appeared in 1724, is used in everyday life only in some countries of the world, including the USA; reference points: one is the temperature of the mixture of water ice - ammonia and the other is the temperature of the human body. The scale is divided into one hundred divisions. Zero Celsius corresponds to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. The conversion of degrees to Fahrenheit can be done using the formula: F \u003d 1.8 C + 32. Reverse translation: C \u003d (F -32)/1, 8, where: F - degrees Fahrenheit, C - degrees Celsius. If you are too lazy to count, go to the online Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion service. In the box, type the number of degrees Celsius, click "Calculate", select "Fahrenheit" and click "Start". The result will appear immediately.
The Rankin scale is named after the English (more precisely Scottish) physicist William J. Rankin, a former contemporary of Kelvin and one of the creators of technical thermodynamics. There are three important points in his scale: the beginning is absolute zero, the freezing point of water is 491.67 degrees Rankine and the boiling point of water is 671.67 degrees. The number of divisions between the freezing of water and its boiling in both Rankine and Fahrenheit is 180.
Most of these scales are used exclusively by physicists. And 40% of American high school students surveyed these days said they don't know what absolute zero temperature is.
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