Butter, butter dish - these are the most "folk" mushrooms. They grow almost everywhere, and you can harvest from the beginning of summer until the end of autumn. Although these mushrooms are very wormy, they are still loved the most. After all, many dishes can be prepared from them, they are marinated, fried, dried and stewed.
Oils are assigned to the division of basidiomycetes and the class of agaricomycetes. They got their name because of the sticky coating on the hat. At the same time, even after cooking, the mushroom looks as if its hat was oiled.
Hat
Mushrooms butter or oiler have a hat of medium or small size. Its shape is hemispherical, there are mushrooms with conical caps. After full maturation, it opens and looks a bit like a small pillow. The maximum diameter is 15 centimeters.
The main difference between the mushroom cap and other species is that it is oily, with a very thin skin. It is covered with mucus if wet weather sets in, some species have a velvety surface. The color of the skin of mushrooms varies from yellow to brown shades,there may be spots. The color of the cap depends not only on the species, but also on the illumination of the place where the mushroom grows.
Pulp, hymenophore and spathe
The spore layer or hymenophore has a tubular shape. Generally yellowish hues, darkens as it ages.
The flesh of the mushroom is very soft and dense. Most often white, possibly with a yellowish tinge. Where the mushroom is cut, the flesh may turn blue or red.
Oil or butter can age very quickly, after it appears above the ground, only 7-9 days pass before complete aging. This type of mushroom is very fond of the worm, and not only old samples, but also young ones.
Some mushrooms have a connecting veil located between the stem and the cap. After maturation, the cover is torn and a ring remains on the leg.
Leg
The mushroom has a cylindrical stem shape. On average, its diameter is from 1 to 3.5 centimeters. The maximum height is 10 centimeters. The color of the legs is white, with a dark bottom.
Varieties
The oiler mushroom has several dozen species. Most common:
| Regular | Most often found on our continent. The main distinguishing feature is the presence of a powerful ring-veil. It grows mainly in ordinary pine forests or mixed plantings. Grows in large groups. Fruiting lasts from June to October. |
| Summer | This type of oil or oiler also grows on our continent, but differs from the ordinary one in a lighter color and the absence of a ring on the leg. Appears in June, even before the common species. |
| Goat | This variety is often mistaken for an old mushroom or a green flywheel. It has a dark color of both the cap and the legs. The fungus prefers to grow near pine trees and in mixed forests. Fruiting begins at the end of summer and before the beginning of autumn. |
| Unringed |
Externally very similar to the summer look, but with a darker hat and more pink stem. Grows well in the Urals, Europe and Siberia. |
| Larch | As the name suggests, this mushroom prefers deciduous plantings. It has a bright orange hat, with spots that are also present on the leg. Appears from July to September. |
| Cedar weeping | Grows under cedar pines. The whole mushroom is almost monochromatic - brown, with a slight touch of orange and yellow. |
| Pedunculate cedar | Also prefers cedar plantings and differs from the previous species in color, it is darker. The pulp of the mushroom has a pronounced spicy smell. |
| Clinton's Oilcan | Most often found in northern latitudes throughout the planet. Fruiting from July to October. Differs in excellent tastes, it is not even required beforehandboil. |
| Nyusha |
The mushroom got its name because of the interesting color. The cap is usually brown, rarely lemon-yellow, the stem is the same color, but slightly lighter. Prefers larch plantings, appears from July to October. |
| White | Most often it is white, but the hat still has a shade of ivory, perhaps the appearance of small dark blotches. Grows in the Far East and Siberia. Appears between July and September. |
| Ruby | In the old days, this variety was classified as a pepper mushroom. The cap is brown with a golden hue, the stem has a reddish-pinkish tint. Outwardly, the mushroom looks like a boletus and prefers oak plantings. But today it is quite difficult to meet this mushroom, it is even listed in the Red Book of our country and there is a ban on its collection. |
Where to look
Butterflies in the forest are found almost throughout Russia, not excluding even the northern latitudes.
If we simplify the classification of this type of mushroom, then they can be divided into three groups:
- larch, that is, growing in deciduous forests and copses;
- grainy, those that grow in coniferous forests, with calcareous soils;
- late.
The last type of mushroom grows mainly in mixed forests, loves young plantings of trees and edges. They usually grow big"families", near the trunks of young trees. A lot of mushrooms grow on the edges, since the places where the butterflies grow should not be wet. However, it is impossible to find mushrooms in “bare” clearings; the clearing should have vegetation at least up to 8 centimeters high, but not tall shrubs. Mushrooms do not grow in completely open ground.
Mushrooms can be picked in old pine forests, but here they can be found near paths where a layer of lichen or moss is broken.
Most often, "quiet hunting" for butterflies is carried out in coniferous forests. When picking mushrooms, do not forget that the earth and the mushrooms themselves can accumulate radiation and s alts of heavy metals, so it is not recommended to collect them even near highways and railways, near industrial enterprises. Such a crop can cause poisoning. Before cooking mushrooms, they must be sorted out and boiled, in extreme cases, soaked.
When butterflies grow
When can I go out into the forest and pick mushrooms? Naturally, everything depends on the climatic features of the region where the oil is collected. They begin to appear above the ground in June, but if it is too cold and the average daily atmospheric temperature is below +16 degrees, then it is too early for the growth of mushrooms.
Mushrooms grow best when summer weather is already warm and warm rains are falling. At the same time, it is already possible to pick mushrooms 7 hours after the rain has ended.
Many mushroom pickers know that boletus mushrooms are the favorite mushrooms of worms. Howeverif there is a worm mushroom in the basket, do not throw it away. It is best to hang it leg down on a branch. The fungus will gradually dry out, "scatter" spores, thereby forming a new mycelium. After some time, it is already possible to come to this place and harvest a new crop.
Some tips
It is better to collect butterflies with cloth gloves. It's no secret that their hats, partially legs, have a sticky layer to which rubbish and small twigs and foliage stick. Therefore, in order not to wash or dry your hands again, it is better to use gloves.
Butter is best soaked in water before cooking, after removing the skin from the cap. This procedure is not required if the mushrooms are subsequently dried, they are only cleaned of litter. Although if you look at the recipes of ancient Russian cuisine, in terms of the description of butter, they all say that the skin must be removed in any case, even if the mushrooms are dried.
To make it easier to clean mushrooms at home, it is better to clean the hat in the forest.
False butterflies
Oil can immediately catches the eye in the forest, but not all of them are edible. False boletus has characteristic differences from the edible "brother". First of all, this is a visual difference - the lower part of the cap is represented by a lamellar structure, in contrast to the edible one, in which, after removing the white film, a porous structure opens.
The color of the cap is also different, the false mushroom is purpleshade. The color at the bottom of the cap of the false mushroom has a gray tint, the edible appearance is light or bright yellow, depending on age.
The easiest way to immediately determine the "edibility" of an oil can is visually - the lighter the mushroom, the more poisonous it is. Such mushrooms usually have a loose structure, and if they are lightly rubbed between the fingers, they immediately crumble and collapse.
But there is great news for mushroom pickers in Russia - poisonous and false butterflies are practically not found in our country. In any case, you should be careful, it may happen that a false mushroom still gets into the basket. Poisoning in this case is characterized by the following symptoms:
- body temperature rises;
- appears nausea and vomiting.
If these symptoms appear or just feel unwell after eating mushrooms, you should urgently go to the hospital for gastric lavage. Inedible mushrooms contain dangerous toxins that can be fatal.
What can you confuse with an oil dish
False butter dish is often confused with spruce wet, they have a very great resemblance. However, the latter mushroom is classified as edible, but has been very little studied by scientists. Therefore, if in doubt, it is better to play it safe and refuse such mushrooms.
The butter dish mushroom is also confused with the pepper mushroom. This type of mushroom is also edible, but has an unpleasant and very bitter taste. Pepper mushroom is also very fond of spruce and pine forests.
