Fixed assets are one of the most important elements of production. They are a set of values that have a material and material expression and are used as a means of labor for a long time or several times. At the same time, their natural form does not change, and the cost is transferred to the created products and services. The classification of fixed assets is carried out according to several criteria. Therefore, their composition is quite diverse.
Disclosure of the concept
The concept of fixed assets is one of the most important in accounting. This category includes objects that meet the following characteristics:
- Use in the process of creating products, providing services, performing work, as well as for needs related to enterprise management.
- Service life of at least a year.
- The company has no plans to resell the property.
- The ability of the object to bring income to the enterprise in the future.
- Cost above a certain amount. Since 2006, objects worth more than 40,000 rubles per unit have been included.
The concept and classification of fixed assets, as well as their characteristics are set out in the Accounting Regulations approved by the RF Ministry of Finance. It is called "Accounting for fixed assets" and is denoted by an abbreviation with a number - PBU 6/01.
The totality of all fixed assets on the balance sheet of an enterprise forms its production and technical base and determines its production capacity.
Movement of objects
Fixed assets have a long service life, during which they are in constant motion. Their life cycle begins with the arrival at the enterprise. Then, during operation, they gradually wear out, undergo repairs, and move within the organization. As a result, fixed assets are withdrawn from the enterprise due to dilapidation or lack of expediency for further use.
The increase in the efficiency of their use is achieved by increasing the time and shift work, reducing downtime, increasing productivity and output.
Types of objects in the production process
There is a classification of fixed assets according to their participation in the production process. On this basis, two types of described objects are distinguished:
- production;
- non-production.
The first type operates in the sphere of material production. Such objects are repeatedly involved in the production process. They wear out gradually. Their cost is transferred to the manufactured product. This happens in batchesuse.
The second type is not involved in the production process. The value of fixed non-productive assets disappears in consumption. These include buildings intended for housing or having a cultural and community purpose and listed on the balance sheet of the organization. They do not have a direct impact on the volume of production, but indirectly affect the results of operations. They are associated with improving the well-being of employees and raising their standard of living. As a result, this will positively affect the performance of the organization.
Role
The essence and classification of fixed assets determine their role in the labor process. They characterize the capabilities of the enterprise for the production of products. They also show the level and scale of technical equipment of labor. The increase in fixed production assets will increase these indicators. Their renewal and improvement is the most important condition for the production of high-quality products with a reduction in labor costs, an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in the cost of production.
The enterprises carry out regular statistical reporting, showing the presence and movement of objects, their revaluation. Sample surveys are being carried out.
Guide
Classification of fixed production assets occurs according to their types and purpose. For this, a special guide has been developed. It is called the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF). He entersinto the Unified System of Classification and Coding of Technical, Economic and Social Information (ESKK).
When developing it, international and Russian regulatory documents, standards and regulations on accounting and reporting were taken into account.
Classification of fixed assets is carried out at all enterprises and institutions according to OKOF. This handbook contains information to help you solve important problems. The composition and classification of fixed assets, their condition, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio, capital productivity, recommended standards for overhauls are just some of the indicators identified using OKOF.
Material objects
Fixed assets are divided into two types: tangible and intangible. It depends on their purpose and use in the activities of the organization.
Thus, the classification of fixed assets refers to the material category the following objects:
1) Non-residential buildings. These are objects, the purpose of which is to create conditions for work, storage of material values. This includes buildings of social and cultural importance. For example, buildings of factories, warehouses, pumping stations, laboratories.
2) Residential buildings. It is important to understand that this group includes objects intended exclusively for non-temporary residence.
3) Buildings. The classification of fixed assets of an enterprise includes engineering and construction facilities that ensure the implementation of the production process to this group. In this case, they are understood as separate structures,including devices that are one with it. For example: bridges, oil wells, main pipelines.
4) Machinery and equipment. This group includes devices designed to convert information, energy, materials. The classification of fixed assets of an enterprise divides this item into subgroups:
- Power machines and equipment. This includes objects that produce or transform energy.
- Working machines and equipment. This includes all process equipment.
- Information equipment - computer technology, information storage media, office equipment, communication systems equipment.
5) Vehicles designed to move goods and people: wagons, locomotives, ships, icebreakers, buses, trailers, aircraft.
6) Production and household inventory. The first type includes containers used for storing liquids, containers for bulk materials, as well as furniture designed to facilitate production operations. The second type includes objects that are not used in the production process. For example, fire-fighting items, watches.
7) Productive, breeding, working cattle. This includes animals that are repeatedly or constantly used to obtain any products. For example, cows, camels, sheep. This group also includes breeding animals. This does not include young and slaughter animals.
8) Perennial plantations. This category includes various green spaces. For example, park trees, vegetation,forming alleys.
Intangible Objects
Classification of fixed assets to intangible assets includes intellectual property, computer software, high-tech industrial technologies, databases, mineral exploration expenses. That is, objects that do not have a physical form fall into this category.
Exceptions
Classification and structure of fixed assets excludes the following:
- All items less than one year old.
- Items worth less than 40,000 rubles per item. At this point, it is worth making a reservation. Agricultural machinery, construction power tools, productive and working livestock are fixed assets, even if their value is less than the specified amount.
- Temporary structures, fixtures, devices. The cost of their construction is included in overhead costs and is included in the cost of construction and installation.
- Machinery and equipment that are listed as finished products in warehouses, in transit or handed over for installation.
Types of objects by role in business activities
The classification of fixed production assets distinguishes among them two parts, depending on their role in the economic activity of the enterprise. Thus, working machines and equipment, technical facilities, measuring instruments and devices are directly involved in the production process. They form the active part. Buildings and inventory have an indirect impact on production. They arepassive part.
The share of the active part shows the degree of technical excellence, production capacity, enterprise capabilities. The share of each part can be distinguished from the structure of fixed assets.
Production structure
The share of each group of objects in their total cost characterizes the production structure. The amount of output produced per 1 ruble of fixed assets depends on how much the active part prevails over the passive part.
This figure is highest in enterprises with good technical equipment. The production structure of fixed assets is not the same even at enterprises in the same industry.
In mechanical engineering, the active part, as a rule, is less than 50%. The passive part predominates in the specific gravity. For example, buildings.
In the oil industry, on the contrary, the active part prevails. Most of the production process in this industry takes place in open areas. The main production process takes place with the help of wells and pipelines. That is, the share of the active part of fixed assets prevails over the passive.
Objects are also characterized by an age structure. According to it, fixed assets are distributed by age groups at intervals of five years. An important task is to prevent excessive aging of objects.
Types of objects by degree of use
Classification and structure of fixed assets according to suchindicator, as the degree of use, is as follows:
- Objects in operation. This includes all fixed assets on the balance sheet of the enterprise.
- Objects in reserve - fixed assets temporarily decommissioned.
- Objects under reconstruction, partial liquidation.
- Objects on conservation.
Types of objects by ownership
By ownership, fixed assets are classified as follows:
- enterprise-owned;
- under operational management and economic management;
- rented without redemption.
