There have been many developments since the introduction of the cartridge. There were cartridges with different functionality and parameters. This appearance also led to the development of firearms. Applications are classic: army, military conditions, hunting, self-defense.
The following are the most popular hunting modifications. Cartridges are offered in a section with a description.
Modification 7, 62
Today, domestic hunters have three types of cartridges with a calibration of 7.62 mm. As you know, the caliber is the distance that separates the protrusions in the rifled tunnel of the barrel.
The varieties are as follows:
- 7, 62x39. Feature - jacketed bullet.
- 7, 62x51. Specificity - expansive bullet.
- 7, 62x53. The bullet is sports.
They all have a different parameter for the diameter of the bullet divergence during shooting at 300 m. Its spectrum: 6-12.5 cm.
Interestingly, recently type 7, 62x53 has received the designation 7, 62x54. It is a recognized standard abroad as well.
These models are widely used in such weapons: "Tiger", "KO-44" and "SV-40". All thishunting carbines.
In combined weapons marked MTs and IZH, they can be used under the important condition - the diameter of the barrel rifled channel should be 7, 925 mm.
When buying weapons, you need to focus on this.
Permissible gunpowder and weapons
Can 7, 62x54 be replaced by other types? It is possible if the type of bullets is expansive. And their leading component has a diameter of 7.92 or 7.83 mm. Another important nuance is the parameter of the threaded diameter - 7, 925 mm.
The next topical issue concerns gunpowder. Is it possible to take it from modifications 7, 62x39 and 7, 62x51 for version 7, 62x54 weighing 13 grams? Gunpowder from them burns out much faster than for 7, 62x54. And if you use gunpowder from them, then there is a high risk that when fired, the pressure will rise to critical values.
7, 62x51 is suitable for the weapon that was created for it. Putting a different kind of bullet in his case is not wise. The reason lies in the diameter of the barrel rifled channel. For version 7, 62x51, it is 7.83 mm.
In weapons for version 7, 62x39, the parameter of such a diameter is 7, 925 mm, like in 7, 62x54. They have similar diameters of the leading component of the bullet. And in order to reduce the lethal effect of 7, 62x54, it is logical to use non-expansive bullet options for 7, 62x39.
Schemes
When touching on the structure of cartridge 7, 62, it is necessary to consider the structure of its modifications. Therefore, the following schemes are outlined below:
7, 62х39
7, 62х51
7, 62х54
The structure of cartridge 7, 62, or rather, its variations, has some similarities. Their interchangeability is possible under certain conditions. Some craftsmen competently adjust calibers. But still, experts recommend using those models that are best suited for a particular weapon.
Modifications with 12 gauge
Such modifications are highly respected by hunters. Their choice is due to many factors:
- Weather.
- View of the beast.
- Natural landscape.
- Loot amount.
Today, foreign and Russian manufacturers produce such cartridges with an equal level of quality. But the firing efficiency is still different.
Purpose and properties
When choosing ammo, consider the potential of your weapon. For example, a light gun does not need very strong cartridges with a massive charge.
It is also worth taking into account the fact that there are varieties of cartridges by type of charge:
- Fractional.
- Grape-shot.
- Bullets.
The gunpowder used may or may not smoke. Sleeves are made from metal, plastic or paper.
Powder charge can be template or increased. Shell material: lead and steel.
Shotshot species are used in the extraction of ducks, forest game and small animals. Shot parameters: 1.5-5 mm. There is a division into rooms. This is affected by equipped shot with different diameters.
For long range shootingneed high-pressure cartridges, such as the Magnum.
In the shot types, a shot with parameters of 5, 25-10 mm is used. With her comes the hunt for wolves, wild boars and roe deer.
Bullet types are used for more massive targets: moose, bears, deer, etc. Types of bullets for these cartridges:
- Round arrows. Feature - the presence of a stabilizing tail.
- Turbine. They use the help of the oncoming airflow.
- Combination of item 1 and item 2
The marking of such cartridges includes them:
- surface characteristics;
- key parameters;
- destination;
- gunpowder type;
- fraction numbering;
- sleeve length;
- caliber
Cartridges of this calibration are numbered. The choice of this or that number is determined by the type of desired production:
- Numbers 5-7 are optimal for catching ducks, black grouse, woodcocks. Moreover, the distance to the target is in the range of 35-40 m.
- Numbers 2-4 are optimal for geese and hares. Distance range: 40-45 m.
- Numbers 000-1 are suitable for the same purposes as point 2, as well as foxes and raccoons. Distance: 45-50 m.
The structure of a cartridge of a given caliber is determined by its equipment and the type of charge. For example, in the case model, the size of the shot reaches 5.25-10 mm. The diagram of the cartridge is shown below.
The following is a sectional view of a 12 gauge fractional cartridge.
And finally - a bulletvariation.
Shotgun versions
Shotguns are a popular weapon among hunters. With the help of them, small animals and feathered targets are mined. It is illegal to shoot ungulates with them.
The most commonly used gauges for these weapons are 12, 16 and 20 gauges.
The optimal distance to hit the target is 35 m. The effectiveness is largely determined by the caliber.
Hunting with a significant caliber under equal conditions is more profitable. After all, the target can be hit by serious volumes of fractions. This instantly paralyzes and kills game.
The structure of a shotgun cartridge is formed by a cartridge case and a charge. The first element is formed by a cardboard or plastic roller and a metal head. There is a device in the head, in the middle of which a capsule is arranged.
When the stem strikes, the percussion mixture is compressed in the primer. It catches fire and ignites the gunpowder.
About shotgun loading
Charge here includes:
- A wad that fills a bituminous circle of paper on both sides. The maximum height of the mug is 1.5 cm.
- Shot charge and cardboard spacers. Their thickness is 1 mm. They fall on powder. Protect it from moisture.
- Second wad.
The sleeve is closed by a gasket. So the fraction does not get enough sleep. The pad is numbered. It can also indicate the diameter of the shot.
The sleeves have a paper or metal component on the inside. This is an insert that does not allow them to break. Also, thanks to her, gases do not leak and gunpowder does not dampen. The wad does not squeeze him yet. This is specialrelevant for gunpowder that does not give smoke. It must not be compressed.
About shotgun pellets
The fraction used can be hard or soft:
- Rigid is made from lead. Antimony or arsenic is added to it. When fired, this shot is less deformed and holds the direction better.
- Technical lead is used to create soft lead.
The fraction parameter is indicated by numbering or its diameter is indicated in mm.
Today, fractions with numbers 6, 8, 10 and 12 are mostly relevant. According to the new numbering, these are 1, 3, 5 and 7:
- 5-7 numbers with a diameter of 2.5-3 mm are optimal for such purposes: hazel grouse and woodcocks.
- 5-3 3-3.5mm numbers are needed for tasks such as rabbits, pheasants, wild ducks and hares.
- 3-1 species with a diameter of 3.5 to 4 mm are required for purposes: winter hares, wild geese and black grouse.
- Numbers 1-00 with a setting of 4-4, 5mm are used for targets such as foxes and capercaillie.
When shooting from a shotgun, you should know that the shot rushes from its barrel as a compact and unified whole. But a little behind the muzzle, the sheaf of shot is stretched in length and on the sides. The reason for this is air resistance. It has a different effect on the fraction of any parameters, weight and configuration.
The more decent the distance of the shot and the smaller the shot used, the greater the length of the shot accumulation.
If shooting from a cylindrical barrel, and the shot parameter is 3 mm, this is approximately 10% of the distance from the weapon.
If the barrel has a choke, then it turns out approximately7%. It is less than 40 m.
On the sides, the shot deviates under the influence of various deformations.
But equal deformation, indicated as a percentage, is greater for small fractions than for coarse ones. And small fractions are scattered on the sides more than large ones.
If the diameter of the shot is 2.5 mm, then its charge is dissipated by 35 meters around the circumference. And its approximate diameter is 250 cm.
And the same charge, but a shot with a parameter of 3.5 mm, has a divergence diameter of 140 cm.
About the fight
In a shotgun, the battle must be analyzed based on the density of the shot falling at a specific distance and area. This is the accuracy of the battle.
Usual shotgun sighting distance is 35 m. The diameter of the target used is 75 cm. Shot damage is expressed in two ways: its total number or percentages.
The number of pellets of a single charge is 100%. The number of shots that hit the target becomes the basis for calculating percentages from the total fractional charge.
Example. The conditions are:
- cartridge caliber - 16;
- number of pellets - 150;
- their number is 5;
- distance - 35 m.
Generates 105 pellets when hit. Then the accuracy is 70%.
Cartridges and bullets
Shotguns use bullets like:
- Brenneke.
- "Ideal".
Brenneke shape - cylinder. There are grooves on its surface. A felt wad is mounted to it from below. Here the center of gravity is positioned significantly forward. So a bullet in flight is notcapsizes.
"Ideal" - coil. Inside it are screw grooves. When flying, they provoke rotation around the circumference of the longitudinal axis. So the bullet also does not tip over.
These lead models should only be used to catch very large game such as wild boar. Shooting with them is recommended at a small distance, because the percentage of hits is not the best.
For a hunter it is better to use sleeves with a length of 6.5 cm. For sports tasks, an option with a length of 7 cm is suitable.
If the cartridges have a medium ignition, the Zhevelo primers are most suitable for them. They are longer than ordinary capsules, they ignite more rapidly. They are very effective in cold and rainy weather. And thanks to them, there is less rust on the barrel.
As already noted, shotgun cartridges are optimal with gauges 12, 16 and 20.
Next, for example, several cartridges are proposed in the context of a photo or in a graphical version:
16 gauge cartridge structure
As for the 20th gauge, the cross section of the cartridge looks like this
More about hunting cartridges
They are used only in rifled and smoothbore weapons. An exception applies to the 22LR model. It is suitable for small caliber pistols.
This cartridge can hit small game or use it for sporting tasks. It has low power and rimfire:
Below is a sectional photo of the cartridge.
Other models are quite popular among hunters.
5, 6x39 mm - Western equivalent of 223 Remington. The structure of the cartridge is shown schematically.
Features: high dynamics when working at considerable distances, powerful projectile.
There is a shell version and a semi-shell version. The weight of the first is 2.8 g. The second is 3.5 g, an excellent option for catching medium-sized fur game (wolves, roe deer, etc.).
The length of the cartridge itself is 4.87 cm, the sleeves are 3.87 cm.
243 Win. The diagram is shown below.
This is an excellent model for catching hoofed game (wild boar, roe deer, etc.). It is better to work with her at medium distances so as not to spoil the skin of the prey.
Bullet weight - 7 grams. Dynamics - 1200 m / s. The length of this cartridge is 5.74 cm, the sleeves are 4.47 cm.
There is a cartridge case with a primer of the central defeat. The shell of the bullet is hard. It has a soft lead core. Tracer and explosive bullets in hunting cartridges are prohibited by law.
Impact mixture is squeezed right into the bottom of the sleeve. The firing pin is directed to the peripheral side of the bottom of the cartridge case.
Often hunters go hunting with smoothbore guns. The structure of the cartridge for such a gun includes the following:
- Cylindrical sleeve. Its material: brass, paper or plastic.
- Similar primer (central lesion).
- Striking component. It can be bullet, fractional or buckshot.
Fractionsand buckshot have unstable movement when flying. Therefore, they can be used at a distance of no more than 60 m. Bullets in this regard are more profitable to use.
So that gunpowder does not penetrate into the shot, and it does not spill out of the cartridge, there are special protection measures in the cartridge. These are wads and gaskets. Most often they are paper, cardboard or plastic.
So that the powder gases do not break through, obturators are built into the cartridges. Their material: cardboard and polyethylene.
Modern cartridges are equipped with new polyethylene wad containers. They are cast as one piece. Their composition: obturator, shock absorber, container with buckshot or shot. As a result, the accuracy of the shot is improved.
Overall, a sectional view of a classic hunting cartridge is as shown below.
Classic Makarov pistol
Makarov pistol is a very popular weapon, especially in law enforcement and military structures. It is called PM for short.
The structure of the cartridge is shown in the diagram below.
Under the number 1 is the sleeve. Element 2 - capsule. Component 3 is charge. And 4 is a bullet.
Sleeve functions:
- Concentrating the charge of gunpowder.
- The connection of all elements included in the cartridge.
- Defense charge and capsule from external influences.
- Blocking gases during the shot.
Arranged in her day:
- Anvil. The primer diverges in its striker.
- Casule platform.
- Fitting holes. There are two of them. Through them to chargefollows the flame from the igniting mixture of the primer.
From the outer side of the bottom there is an annular groove. It engages the ejector.
The composition of the bullet is a lead core. It is pressed into the shell. It is made of steel and clad with tompak. A snug fit is used to secure the bullet in the case.
The charge is formed by pyroxylin gunpowder. It does not smoke.
Thanks to the primer, this charge ignites. The capsule itself has the following composition:
- Brass cap. It has a percussion mix built in.
- Tin circle. He covers the shock mix.
When the striker strikes, the impact mixture ignites and produces a powerful fire.
To charge a PM, you need to fill its store. It holds 8 cartridges. They are inserted and recessed.
Examples of other weapons with a 9 mm cartridge
A cartridge with this caliber can be used not only in PM, but also, for example, in pistols:
- "Parabellum".
- "Mauser C96".
- Star Modelo A, B.
- Wather P38.
Use it in submachine guns, for example:
- M3.
- Omen.
- Austen.
- Launchester.
The structure of the 9 mm cartridge is shown below.
Parameters are given in mm.
This cartridge is the world's most popular choice for firearms. The structure of the cartridge of this class may vary. It can also have the following designations:
- "Luger".
- "Suomi".
- 9x19
And there are many similar symbols.
