Modern society is increasingly called information society. Indeed, we are becoming increasingly dependent on various sources of information and news. They affect our lifestyle, habits, relationships. And this impact is only growing. Modern man spends more and more of his resources (money, time, energy) to satisfy information needs, his own and others. The attitude to information of various kinds becomes the cornerstone in the difference between generations. Let's talk about what information needs are, what they are and how they are satisfied.
The concept of needs
Man is constantly in need of something. The feeling of scarcity is always perceived as discomfort. And in any case, whether it is a lack of food or the approval of others, need causes a feeling of inconvenience that you want to overcome. And the stronger the feeling of lack of something, the sooner a person will find a way out of it.get rid of. This deficiency state is called a need. Our physiology controls life support systems and, through needs, signals what needs to be “delivered” into the body: food, water, information. The need state informs a person about a change in the functioning of some systems, and this entails the performance of any actions. Need and needs are the main motivating factor in human behavior. They do not allow us to rest on our laurels and are the basis for the development of all living beings. It must be understood that need is not the same as need. Only when a person realizes the need for something, then there is a need. A need always has an objective basis, while a need is subjective.
A person has options for relieving discomfort, he builds needs in a hierarchy of importance, and here specific personal characteristics appear. In this regard, the process of generating needs is manageable. Society forms approved and taboo unwanted desires. So, until recently, people did not hesitate to satisfy hunger with the help of wheat bread. But today, when a huge propaganda work is being done to discredit fast carbohydrates, we often choose to remove the same need for food not white, but black or whole grain bread. In modern society, this behavior management is often carried out through information needs. A person receives information about how best to satisfy his desires.
Types of needs
Due to the fact that the needs are extremelydiverse, there are several approaches to their classification. The most compelling are the following. In the first case, needs are divided into three large groups: biological, social and ideal. Human biology is connected with many needs: food, water, sleep, reproduction, security. Without this, a person's life is at great risk, so the physiological needs are met in the first place. Although the peculiarities of the human personality are that the individual is free to choose which need to remove first. We know that a mature person can deny himself biologically significant things in the name of spiritual needs. For example, during the war in besieged Leningrad, people kept a strategic supply of grain, although they suffered terrible pangs of hunger.
Social needs are associated with existence in society, they include belonging to a group, recognition, self-assertion, leadership, respect, love, affection, etc.
The third group includes the so-called needs of a higher order: self-realization, self-respect, aesthetic and cognitive needs, the meaning of life. These desires, according to A. Maslow, are at the top of the pyramid and are satisfied after the needs of the first and second levels are generally removed. Although a person is certainly more complicated than any schemes, and in some cases he is able to sacrifice biology in the name of ideals. Actually, in this he differs from the animal. To satisfy each type of need, a person needs a variety of information. Using information as a tool forsatisfaction of needs is a specific human way of doing things.
The second approach divides needs into those needed to maintain something and to grow.
Information concept
The whole world around us is a large information base. Its infinite variety leads to the complexity of formulating the definition of this concept. In the most general sense, information is understood as various information about the surrounding reality in various forms of presentation. This information is the object of storage, processing, copying, transfer, processing, use. The term "information" is used in many areas of activity: communication theory, cybernetics, computer science, bibliography and others. In each case, the concept is filled with additional meanings.
Specific information is that it can be presented in a variety of forms. Including in the form of texts, diagrams, images, radio waves, sound and light signals, gestures and facial expressions, energy and nerve impulses, smells, taste, chromosomes. And these are only discovered forms of existence of information. Scientists suggest that in the future, when additional information appears, new forms of it will be found.
The characteristic of such a diverse phenomenon is usually given through the description of its properties. These include:
1. Completeness. This property is related to understanding. If the meaning embedded in the message can be decoded, then the information is considered complete.
2. Reliability. The information mustreflect the true, not contrived or distorted state of affairs.
3. Objectivity. Information does not change its meaning depending on the individual who perceives it.
4. Accuracy. Information should reflect the real state of objects and phenomena.
5. Availability. It should correspond to the level of understanding of the addressee.
6. brevity. Information should be conveyed as concisely as possible, but without compromising clarity.
There are other properties, such as value, relevance, etc.
Types of information
In the most general form, information can be divided into two large groups: objective and subjective. The first group is associated with the ability of objects of reality to transmit information that does not change depending on the perception by the subject. And the second, on the contrary, changes its characteristics, in accordance with the perceiving or transmitting person. For example, information about the chemical composition of water does not change in any way, no matter who considers it. But the party's official information about its activities can change its meaning depending on who perceives it.
Also, information can be divided into analog and discrete. The first is the continuous form of the existence of information. For example, human body temperature is constant (in a he althy state) all year round and from year to year. The second type, on the contrary, is associated with discontinuity, the temporal dynamics of the flow of information. For example, harvest statistics change annually.
According to the form of presentation, it is customary to highlightgraphic, textual, visual, audio and video, numerical information.
According to the degree of accessibility to a wide range of people, general, limited access and secret information is allocated. This series also contains information for which there is no storage form yet: tactile, organoleptic, taste, etc.
According to the place of origin of information, elementary, biological and social information is distinguished.
By purpose, it can be classified as personal, mass and special, that is, created for a certain circle of people.
Help information is also highlighted as a separate functional view.
The concept of information needs
In general terms, information needs are understood as the need for information about the surrounding reality, which may be useful for performing any action. Since childhood, to make any decisions, a person needs various information. At the initial stages of human development, they are provided by others: family, friends, teachers. But there comes a time when people need information that they cannot get from their usual sources (from memory, from their close environment), and then the very deficit state arises that motivates them to realize a new need - informational. People feel a mismatch between what they have and what they need, and this pushes them into search behavior. It is from this gap between knowledge and ignorance that scientific information needs arise. Once upon a time, people wonderedwhere everything came from. In response to a request, mythology first appears as an explanatory system, but gradually there is more knowledge about the world, and in response to new questions, science, philosophy, etc. were born.
The term "information needs" appears only in the middle of the 20th century. It is introduced within the framework of information systems sciences. But this does not mean that people did not have such a need before. It is an obligatory part of cognitive activity and appears at a certain age. Every child in childhood asked questions, learning about the world. And at that moment, when the answers of loved ones cease to satisfy him, there is a conscious need to find new knowledge.
Properties of information needs
Journalist Robert Taylor says that information needs have a number of distinctive characteristics. They are always associated with cognitive activity and with language. Outside these systems they cannot exist. The properties of these needs directly follow from the properties of information. Any information that people need for life must be reliable, complete, valuable, etc. People who need reference information experience their own needs, and this is the first property - they are subjective. They are also flexible: a person usually does not impose very strict requirements on the source of information if it meets the main criteria for assessing the quality of the information received. He is ready to accept any available and suitable way to satisfy his need for information. Also, these needs are characterized by irreversibility. Once they appear, theydisappear, but only increase. True, for some time a person can postpone the satisfaction of these needs if some others are actualized. Another property is potential dissatisfaction. Knowledge is limitless, learning something new about an object, a person may begin to feel the need to obtain additional information, and this process has no end. The last property is connected with the motivating function of needs. The need for information always becomes an incentive for some kind of human activity.
Classifications
There are several approaches to distinguishing varieties of people's need for additional knowledge. Traditionally, the types of information needs are determined by their main features. There is an approach in which they are divided into objective and subjective. The former exist outside of personal needs and desires, while the latter depend on them. But this approach seems to be incorrect. Since information needs are always the result of a person's personal experience, they cannot be produced by the objective environment. There is a practice of identifying collective, public and individual needs for information and knowledge.
Public arise as a kind of social request, it does not have specific groups-subjects. For example, such needs can be called the need for knowledge about the state of the environment, about the situation in the country and the world, etc.
Collective belong to specific target groups, united according to various criteria. For example, doctors need to know about new diseases, epidemics, treatments, etc.
And individual, respectively, arise in individuals as a result of their practical activities.
There are also attempts to identify such types of human information needs as real and potential, expressed and latent, permanent and temporary, professional and non-professional. Some researchers propose to divide needs into groups according to the type of information: visual, textual, methodological, etc. There is a proposal to classify them, focusing on the profession and occupation of the subject: scientific, reference, educational, medical, pedagogical, etc.
There is a relatively universal classification, within which organic, spiritual and professional information needs are distinguished. The first is various sensory information about the environment. The second is the need for various social information. Including, for example, this includes attention to rumors, the need to learn the news, etc. The third is the knowledge that a person needs to conduct his professional activities. None of the classifications is comprehensive and exhaustive. Therefore, the search in this direction will continue for a long time.
Steps in the Information Needs Satisfaction Process
Feeling the need for information, a person performs certain actions that may fit into a relatively typicalalgorithm. In general, the process of meeting information needs is divided into several stages:
1. The emergence of a motive. A person begins to feel discomfort from the appearance of discrepancies between the available and necessary knowledge.
2. Awareness of need. The subject begins to formulate a question to which he will seek an answer. Requests for information can vary in clarity and certainty. Usually, a weakly formalized request is singled out, when a person cannot verbalize his need; conscious, but not formalized - in this case, the person understands what he wants to know, but in verbalizing the request, he needs the help of a specialist; a formulated question where the person can explain what they want to know.
3. Search program. A person develops a strategy for "acquiring" the necessary knowledge, determines the sources of information.
4. search behavior. A person turns to a chosen source of information, if necessary - to several, until he removes his state of cognitive deficit.
Ways to meet your information needs
The emerging information deficit can be eliminated by a modern person in various ways. There is an approximate general algorithm that people follow when they want to know something. The first stage is an internal search. It is human nature to first turn to the available resources. First, he will try to remember what he knows, to draw comparisons and analogies. If this search does not lead to a sense of satisfaction, a person turns to his"inner circle". That is, he asks relatives, colleagues, acquaintances. He compares the information received from them with his internal cognitive resources, verifies. If this stage does not give the desired result, then the person proceeds to an external search. It is very diverse and practically unlimited. A person is trying to gain access to information that is stored in some "banks". Today, this role is increasingly played by the Internet. And recently a man went to the library. Authoritative people are also external sources of information: experts, specialists, experienced people. They can be contacted in person or through various means of communication: the Internet, mail, telephone. Secret information can be searched through special channels: archives, closed databases. Another source of information is the media. They often try to anticipate the potential information needs of society and provide people with information in advance. So, for example, any news release is not complete without a weather forecast. Because people are always interested in this information. In some cases, educational organizations are the source of information. So, if a person lacks knowledge in some field of activity, he can go to courses and get the necessary knowledge.
Finding Information
With the advent of automated information systems and the invention of search engines, the term "information retrieval" takes on a somewhat new connotation. It refers to the process of finding the necessary information in the flowunstructured documentation. This activity is carried out by a special program called a search engine. A user who wants to satisfy his information need only needs to clearly formulate his request, and the machine will find the information he needs if it exists on the World Wide Web. The steps of this process are simple and the same for everyone:
- awareness of the problem and formulation of the request;
- choice of reliable information sources;
- extracting the necessary information from found sources;
- use of information and evaluation of search results.
Internet user can use different types of search. Addressing involves knowing the exact address of the source of information (for example, the email address of the site). Semantic search allows you to search for documents not by the address or page name, but by their content. The machine searches for keywords and returns the pages with the highest match with the search query. Documentary search is typical for special systems, such as catalogs of libraries or archives.
Information needs of modern man
Humanity today is becoming increasingly dependent on information. For many people, searching for information on the Internet is a daily activity. This trend is associated with a decrease in the influence of traditional media on society - television, radio, and the press. And the growing role of electronic media. Online search capabilities have greatly simplified the process of obtaining information, made many sourcesmore accessible. But there are also problems with the reliability and quality of the information received. On the Web, each user can become a small media outlet, but at the same time, not all bloggers or authors are capable of providing verified and valuable information. Today, society is hastily developing new mechanisms for regulating electronic sources of information, new laws are being issued, and a search is underway for special social regulators that would allow protecting a person’s privacy and observing the norms of generally accepted morality.
