Mushrooms are of great importance for the ecosystem. In addition to being involved in the cycle of substances, decomposing the remains of plants and animals, fungi are a valuable nutrient and symbiotic organism, especially for Basidiomycetes.
Mushrooms of the Red Book. General information
Until recently, the microflora was insufficiently studied, little importance was attached to fungi, and strict registration of species was not conducted. In addition to the generally recognized biological classification, mushrooms have another: edible, inedible, poisonous, medicinal, pests of forests and crops, and others.
Rare mushrooms The Red Book considers in the "Plants" section. It includes 17 types of mushrooms.
Grifola curly (mushroom-sheep, leafy tinder fungus), Sparassis curly (Mushroom cabbage), Mutinus Ravenel, Violet cobweb, Pistil horn (Clavate horn), Chestnut gyropore (chestnut or chestnut mushroom), White boletus, Double netted boletus (Dictiophora double), Porphyry pseudobirch, Mushroom-umbrella maiden, Cone mushroom,branched tinder fungus (Grifola umbellata), Gyropore blue (bruise), Blackberry coral (Horis coral), Lattice red (Clatrus red), Amanita cone, Mutinus dog
Basidial fungi have special structures for producing spores - basidia. As can be seen from the list, all mushrooms listed in the Red Book belong to only one class - Agaricomycetes. The list contains only higher mushrooms.
Some species will be described in more detail below.
White boletus (Leccinum percandidum)
Belongs to the Department of Basidiomycetes, to the class Agaricomycetes.
This mushroom, listed in the Red Book, is also called White Aspen. Similar to the common Boletus red, but has a white cap.
The hat can reach 25 cm in diameter, the stem is white, thickened towards the bottom - club-shaped. The tubular layer is usually white, may be slightly yellowish.
Grows in aspen forests, in mixed pine-spruce forests.
It can be found on the territory of the CIS, especially in the Murmansk, Moscow, Leningrad regions of the Russian Federation. It is quite rare - status 3R.
Begins to bear fruit in mid-July-August.
The mushroom is edible with delicious pulp, but it is worth remembering that the mushroom is in the Red Book, so you can not collect it.
Macrolepiota puellaris mushroom (Macrolepiota puellaris)
Belongs to the department Basidiomycetes, to the class Agaricomycetes.
This mushroom belongs to the champignon family, so itedible.
The hat is thin whitish, can reach 10 cm in diameter. The leg is very thin, but high - up to 16 cm.
This mushroom grows on the edges of a mixed forest or pine forest in July-September. Mostly grows alone, rarely in groups. It can be found throughout Eurasia. It is quite rare - status 3R.
Mutinus caninus (lat. Mutinus caninus)
Belongs to the division of Basidiomycota, to the class Agaricomycetes.
The mushroom has an elongated shape with a slightly pronounced hat. The length of the fruiting body reaches 18 cm, the diameter of the stem is 1.5 cm. When the mushroom ripens, its crown breaks and exposes a pale pink tip.
Relatively rare mushroom - status 3R, grows in Europe and North America. It can be found in a coniferous forest, mostly in several pieces, rarely alone. Likes to grow on rotten snags, rotting stumps, sawdust.
The mushroom has a specific, not very pleasant smell that attracts insects. When beetles or flies gnaw on a part of the mushroom - gleba, it begins to decompose very quickly, nothing remains of Mutinus within 3-4 days.
The mushroom is edible, but only when it is not yet ripe - in the egg shell.
Pineal Amanita (Amanita strobiliformis)
This mushroom is also called "Pineal Amanita".
Belongs to the division of Basidiomycota, to the class Agaricomycetes.
This type of fly agaric has a white cap with a diameter of up to 18 cm, a white leg 15-20 cm high.
In the CIS, distributed in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Georgia, in Russia only in the Belgorod region. It can be found in mixed forests with trees such as linden, beech, oak, because. Fly agaric is their symbiont.
Begins to bear fruit in August-September.
These mushrooms of the Red Book are quite rare, because very demanding on external conditions (soil and temperature).
Poisonous mushroom.
Double net sock (Dictiophora duplicata)
Another name is Dictiophora double or net-toed.
Belongs to the division of Basidiomycota, to the class Agaricomycetes.
The mushroom is somewhat similar to Mutinus canine, because belongs to the same genus - Veselka.
Mildly pronounced cap has a dark brown, dark gray color at the time of full maturation. The fruit body is elongated with a diameter of up to 5 cm and its color changes depending on the ripening period.
Grows in well-drained soil, with decaying wood singly, rarely in groups. The net-carrier can be found in the Moscow region, Belarus, part of Ukraine.
Dictyophora is an edible mushroom, but only in the period when it has not yet emerged from the egg shell. Used in folk medicine for a number of diseases.
As you can see, Red Book mushrooms can be not only edible, but also inedible and poisonous.
