Phenomenology as a philosophical trend arose thanks to the work of the German philosopher Edmun Husserl, who, having defended his dissertation in mathematics and working in this area, gradually changed his interests in favor of philosophical science. His views were influenced by philosophers such as Bernard Bolzano and Franz Brentano. The first believed that truth exists, regardless of whether it is expressed or not, and it was this idea that prompted Husserl to strive to rid cognition of psychologism.
Husserl's Phenomenology and the ideas that underlie it are set forth in the works "Logical Investigations", "Ideas of Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy", "Philosophy as a Rigorous Science" and other works where the philosopher described the concepts of logic and philosophy, scientific problems and problems of knowledge. Most of the philosopher's works can be found translated into Russian.
E. Husserl believedthat it was necessary to develop a new method, which he did in his time. The essence of the new method was to go back to things and understand what things are. According to the philosopher, only a description of the phenomena (phenomena) that appear to the human mind can help to understand things. So, in order to understand and understand them, a person must fulfill the “epoch”, bracket his views and beliefs regarding the natural attitude that imposes on people belief in the existence of the world of things.
E. Husserl's phenomenology helps to understand the essence of things, but not the facts, it is not interested in a specific norm of morality or behavior, it is interested in why this norm is such. For example, in order to study the rites of a certain religion, it is important to understand what religion is in general, to comprehend its essence. The subject of phenomenology, according to the philosopher, is the realm of pure meanings and truths. Husserl writes that phenomenology is the first philosophy, the science of the pure foundations and principles of knowledge and consciousness, a universal doctrine.
The philosopher's statements indicate that Husserl's phenomenology (briefly written about this in any philosophy textbook) is designed to turn philosophy into a rigorous science, that is, into a theory of knowledge that can give a clear idea of the world around. With the help of the new philosophy one can achieve deeper knowledge, while the old philosophy could not give such a level of depth. Husserl believed that it was precisely the shortcomings of the old philosophy that caused the crisis. European science and civilization. The crisis of science was due to the fact that the existing criteria of scientificity were no longer valid, and the worldview and world order required changes.
Husserl's Phenomenology also says that the world is up in arms against philosophy and science, which seek to put it in order. The desire to normalize life arose in ancient Greece and opened the way to infinity for humanity. So, the philosopher suggests engaging in intellectual activity, looking for norms, facilitating practice and knowledge. It is through philosophy, he believed, that ideas form sociality. As you can see, Husserl's phenomenology is not a simple theory, but its ideas were developed in the works of M. Scheler, M. Heidegger, G. G. Shpet, M. Merleau-Ponty and others.
