Practically every economic system has its advantages and disadvantages. As a result, it determines a number of macroeconomic problems. Some of them have been around for a long time. Mankind has been trying to fight them for many centuries. However, modern farming systems have also identified new problems. Global economic problems and the main ways to solve them will be discussed further.
Macroeconomics
One of the main branches of economic theory is macroeconomics. It deals with the issues of global development of an individual country or the world as a whole. Unlike microeconomics, macroeconomics studies a number of specific indicators, for example, the level of GDP, unemployment, inflation, etc. These are the most basic parameters of the degree of development of society, the effectiveness of its economic system.
In other words, microeconomics studies the tree, andmacroeconomics is the whole forest. This allows you to look at the world's problems from the outside. The macroeconomic system is a set of certain economic phenomena. Within a single country or the whole world, trade, industrial relations, the features of decision-making by participants, etc. are studied.
All components of this system are considered as a whole. In this case, it turns out to identify certain problems inherent in the country or the world. Their solution is the main goal of the modern economy. The well-being of citizens of different countries and humanity as a whole depends on this.
Problems and their causes
Macroeconomic planning and forecasting allows you to identify problems before they appear and solve existing issues of social development. However, this need arises for a number of reasons. Problems at the macroeconomic level are explained by macroeconomic theory. In this case, the researchers build a global model. This allows you to identify a certain relationship between macroeconomic variables.
Economic theory allows you to form a certain regularity of the processes under study. The emergence of such problems is explained by many well-known economists. They look at the problem from different points of view. The causes of problems at the macro level are limited resources with unlimited demand.
It is worth noting that both macroeconomics and microeconomics study the economic behavior of people. Also, the approach to studying in these twosystems. It is called the equilibrium analysis of all processes in the system. However, unlike microeconomics, macroeconomics tries to solve global problems. They allow you to look at the situation from the outside, in general. Each particular component of this global system is studied by microeconomics.
Macroeconomic equilibrium
The solution of macroeconomic problems is made by achieving the equilibrium of the system. To do this, a search is being made for such a position of all indicators that will suit everyone. In this case, limited resources (land, labor and capital) are distributed among each member of the public in a balanced way. In this case, it turns out to achieve universal proportionality.
Economic categories
Macroeconomic planning and forecasting takes into account that a balance is established between certain economic categories. The ideal solution to problems at the macro level is the proportionality between supply and demand, resources and their use, production and consumption. Factors of production should also be harmoniously correlated with its results, as well as material and financial flows.
The government of each country strives to achieve macroeconomic balance between the listed categories. This is a key problem of the economic policy of states, as well as theory.
Main issues
There is a certain list of major macroeconomic problems. They are considered by almost every state onplanet. General problems at the global economic level are the issues of employment. Unemployment negatively affects the development of any society.
Inflation is also considered a negative phenomenon. The depreciation of the money supply occurs at different rates in different states. Also, one of the main world problems is the deficit of state budgets. The imbalance of foreign trade funds is a macroeconomic problem.
The listed difficulties include the instability of cycles, as well as their other complications, the instability of exchange rates. This also includes the accumulation and scale of investments at the national level, external interaction of the economies of different states, and so on.
Analysis of global indicators
Macroeconomic analysis allows you to assess the state of the economy, as well as predict its development in the future. Based on such studies, the governing bodies of the state decide on the conduct of a competent economic policy. Factors holding back development are identified, and then measures are developed to eliminate their negative impact on the system.
Various economic indicators make it possible to judge the degree of development of a country. They are reflected in the statistical reporting. There are a lot of indicators that are used for analysis. Data is collected from various official reports on unemployment, economic transactions, etc. This allows you to performmacroeconomic analysis.
The main macroeconomic indicators include the volume of GDP, as well as its growth in dynamics, the scale of consumption and its relationship with accumulation, expenditures and revenues of the country's budget. The size of exports and imports, statistics of price indices are also estimated. They also study the rates of national currencies. Unemployment statistics require separate consideration during the analysis.
Types of equilibrium
Considering the models of macroeconomic equilibrium, it is necessary to highlight the ideal and real balance. In the first case, it is achieved in the economic behavior of the participants with the full satisfaction of their interests in all sectors and structures of the national economy.
Such an equilibrium is possible under a number of conditions. First of all, all participants must find commodities in the market. At the same time, all producers must find the necessary factors of production. The entire amount of production of the past period must be sold in full. This implies the establishment of perfect competition in the market. In this case, there are no side effects. However, this is practically impossible.
Under conditions of imperfect competition, real macroeconomic equilibrium is established.
Equilibrium can also be complete or partial. In the first case, the balance is established in all markets. With a partial form, the balance is established in only one industry.
Classic
The classical model of macroeconomic equilibrium isthe views of representatives of this economic school, who did not consider this balance as a separate problem. It is based on the basic postulates of this concept.
In this model, the economy is built on perfect competition. It is self-regulating. This means that the equilibrium in each market is established by itself. Any deviations are caused by random, temporary factors. In the classical model, the unit of account is money. However, they have no independent value. Therefore, the markets for money and material goods are not interconnected.
Self-regulation
Macroeconomic problems in classical theory are considered from the standpoint of an ideal model of the economy. Employment from her point of view is full. This is ensured by self-regulation of the market. Unemployment can only be natural. The labor market plays a major role in the formation of market equilibrium. The balance here means that firms were able to meet their production targets, and households received the required level of income.
Peculiarities of establishing equilibrium according to the classical model
The classical model of macroeconomic equilibrium assumes that it is established automatically in all markets. If a similar situation develops on two of them, then the balance will be determined on the third. This rule applies to three interdependent markets (capital, labor and goods).
This price flexibility also extends to factors of production. They are interdependent, according to the presented theory. Modelmacroeconomic equilibrium of the classical school, the same mechanism provides for nominal wages. At the same time, real wages always remain unchanged.
According to the presented theory, prices, factors of production change in the same proportions. At the same time, the equilibrium model is considered by representatives of the classical school only in the short term.
Produced volume of products provides income automatically. It is equal to the cost of all goods and services. How many products were produced, so many were sold.
Keynesian equilibrium
The Keynesian model of macroeconomic equilibrium has become an alternative to classical theory. In the process of its creation, the acute problems that were characteristic of the capitalist economy of that time were taken into account. Then the volume of production was extremely low. Unemployment was massive, production capacity was not fully utilized.
J. Keynes, in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, tries to solve two problems at once. He explores the causes that led to the crisis and mass unemployment. He also wanted to develop a program to restore the previous positions of production, the standard of living of the population.
Keynes was one of the first to recognize the issues of crisis and unemployment that were inherent in capitalism. He insisted that capitalism is unable to regulate the processes in the economy automatically. Keynes believed that the state should intervene in the processes taking place in the economy. Temin doing so, he rejected the neoclassical claims and struck a blow in this direction.
Keynesian definition of economic problems
The Keynesian model of macroeconomic equilibrium identified the main problem as the lack of aggregate demand. This phenomenon occurs for two reasons. The first of these is the fact that as incomes rise, consumers tend to consume even more. However, their increase is disproportionate. Consumption is growing faster than income. This leads to insufficient aggregate demand, which leads to imbalances in the economy. This reduces the incentive to further investment.
This forces capitalists to keep their resources in cash. They don't invest in production. After all, money is liquid. This further reduces aggregate demand. Employment in society is also significantly reduced. Unemployment appears.
Keynes built a chain of actions that lead to a crisis. At first, people start spending less money because they spent it earlier. Because of this, production begins to decline. Reduced investment in a business that is not growing. This leads to unemployment, as well as an even greater decrease in the purchasing power of the population. The economic balance is collapsing.
Solving macroeconomic problems
Macroeconomic problems cannot be ignored by the state. It should take measures to eliminate negative trends. Governing bodies should promote more efficient investment of capital. For this, subsidies should be allocated, public procurement should be carried out.
The Central Bank should lower the lending rate. It should also promote moderate inflation. The rise in prices will increase systematically. This stimulates the growth of capital investment. New jobs will be created. This raises employment to the maximum level.
Keynes argued that it is possible to increase aggregate demand by stimulating the growth of productive consumption and demand. He proposes to make up for the lack of personal consumption.
Having considered the main macroeconomic problems, as well as the classic options for their solution, one can understand the importance of a competent government policy to prevent imbalances and the development of crises.
