Ontology is a philosophical study of the nature of existence, the formation of reality, the main categories of being and their relationships. Traditionally considered part of such a philosophical branch as metaphysics. Ontology deals with questions about what exists and how these entities can be grouped according to a single hierarchy, divided according to similarities and differences. In addition to the fundamental ontology, which deals with the universal laws of being, there are many subsections that have particular phenomena as their subject (for example, the ontology of culture).
The word "ontology" is made up of the Greek roots "ontos", which means "existing; what is”, and “logos”, i.e. "science, theory, research". And although it is of Greek origin, the first mention of the word is found in texts written in Latin. It appears in English in Nathaniel Bailey's dictionary in 1721, where it is defined as "an abstract description of being". This, of course, confirms that the word was already in use at the time.
In analytical philosophy, ontology is a doctrine thatdeals with the definition of the fundamental categories of being, and also asks in what sense the elements of this category can "exist". This is a study aimed at being in itself, not aimed at elucidating, for example, individual properties and facts regarding certain entities.
Trying to solve the problems of ontology, some philosophers, in particular Platonists, argued that all names (including abstract nouns) refer to the real thing. Other philosophers have disputed this, putting forward the view that nouns do not always refer to beings, but some of them imply an indication of a group of similar objects or phenomena. According to the latter, the mind, instead of pointing to existence, refers to a group of mental phenomena experienced by a person. Thus, the word "society" is associated with a collective image of people with certain qualities, and the word "geometry" is associated with a specific intellectual activity.
There are a number of other points of view between these opposites representing realism and nominalism, but any ontology is a science that should give an idea of which concepts refer to reality, which do not, for what reason and which categories we have as a result. When such research touches on concepts like space, time, reason, happiness, contact, energy, and God, ontology becomes fundamental to many philosophical branches.
SoThus, ontology is a philosophical doctrine, the fundamental issues of which include the problem of being as such. What is being and what can be called existing? Can things be divided into categories, and if so, into what categories? What is the meaning of being, the meaning of being? Different thinkers throughout the history of philosophy have given varied answers to these questions, which may reflect the nature of an entire era or culture.
