The development of a market economy has led to the emergence of various directions for expanding its capabilities. One of them is the formation of offshore zones. Such formations are important for the global business structure. They help attract large investments. The role of offshore business in the global economy and the national economic system of our country is significant. Similar forms of market economy development will be discussed further.
General characteristics
Offshore business today is flourishing and actively developing. Such zones are a special territory with their own laws of economic processes. The term "offshore" came to us from the English language. Off-shore literally translates as "offshore". This is a separate business, which is built according to its own laws.
Countries of offshore business occupy special territories where companies, after registration, receive benefits in paying taxes. Such organizations are under the jurisdiction of the State to which they are legally affiliated. In doing so, they undertake to comply with all requirements of local laws.
Registering your business inoffshore zone provides the company with a lot of advantages. She gets tax breaks. This cuts costs considerably. This makes financial reporting easier. However, this trend is not typical for all such zones. Some of them have virtually no foreign exchange controls.
A company that is registered in an offshore zone does business in any currency. Cost write-offs are carried out within the country in which the company is registered. At the same time, its activity becomes completely anonymous. Financial transactions become secret, not subject to disclosure to the public.
In the classic version, only non-residents conduct their business in an offshore zone. At the same time, domestic loan capital is isolated from residents' accounts. Each offshore zone has different conditions and reporting requirements. Therefore, companies choose the country on their own. They correlate their requirements with the conditions that this or that state provides.
Varieties of zones
There are certain peculiarities of offshore business. Such tax-free zones can be divided into three groups. The first category includes classic offshore companies. In such a zone, companies are exempt from taxes and reporting. Such territories include, for example, Dominican Republic, Seychelles, Panama.
The second category includes areas with low taxation. The third group are other zones. Registering with them gives you some business benefits.
To the firstoffshore group includes countries that do not require reporting. There are also no taxes here. These are small third world countries. The most famous countries in this category are the Bahamas, Panama, the Cayman Islands and the Virgin Islands. Here, companies are guaranteed complete confidentiality of actions. Control of their activities by the authorities is almost completely absent.
Offshore banking business in such economic zones is almost non-existent. Also, large, reputable companies avoid doing business in such countries. Otherwise, they lose the trust of investors and partners.
The second type of offshore includes areas of increased respectability. Companies are required to maintain financial statements. At the same time, they are provided with good tax incentives. The control of companies by the state in these zones is quite strict. This is where the register of directors and shareholders is kept. The prestige of companies in such offshore companies is higher. Examples of such economic zones are Hungary, Ireland.
The third category of offshores includes economic zones that provide non-residents with some tax benefits. This is, for example, Great Britain, Russia. There are high reporting requirements here, which increases the credibility of companies. Cyprus is the most popular among such countries. There are international agreements that allow you to avoid double taxation.
The role of tax-free zones
The importance of offshore business and its role in the economy are great. Tax freezones are part of the economic space of the country, where a special system of benefits is applied. Create similar zones with different purposes. If offshore companies are created in economically developed countries, they are needed to improve foreign economic relations, the effective conduct of medium and small businesses.
In developing countries, such spaces are created in order to attract foreign capital and create new jobs. This contributes to the development of the country's economy.
It is worth noting that the offshore banking business accounts for about 1/3 of all deposits in the developed countries of the world. The insurance business is also concentrated here. Through offshore zones, export-import operations, consulting, and trust activities are carried out. Also, transactions on the purchase and sale of real estate are concluded here.
At the same time, enterprises that are registered offshore do not have the right to carry out production activities. However, such economic zones play an important role. They accelerate economic growth, mobilize investment. This is where the exchange of information and technology takes place. Here, small and medium-sized businesses get the opportunity to “get back on their feet” in order to subsequently switch to the usual taxation system of their country.
Today's state
Countries of offshore business today are characterized by different positions in the global economy. These can be both third world states and the most developed powers. Therefore, the assessment of the activities of offshore zones today is rather ambiguous. Heretwo trends are observed at the same time. The first of these is the desire of countries to liberalize their foreign economic activity. This is the positive side of offshore operations. However, the second trend is the laundering of "dirty" money in such zones. Banking scams often take place here.
Nevertheless, offshore business today is developing harmoniously and quickly enough. Many countries are tightening their financial reporting controls. This attracts significant investor capital. Companies that operate in such conditions occupy high positions in the credit rating and enjoy the trust of their partners.
Specialization
Modern trends in international tax planning and offshore business are closely related. This is a significant sector of the world economy. Each state (today there are about 35-40) that provides a "tax haven" has a clear specialization in this area. So, in the Bahamas, they create the most favorable conditions for conducting banking business, courts and insurance on preferential terms. At the same time, the Cayman Islands guarantee high business secrecy for companies.
Switzerland, for example, as before, proves the safety of keeping deposits in its banks. Even the global crisis, which affected different countries, including offshore ones, did not affect them. In Switzerland, deposit protection is guaranteed by the banking guild. By agreement of these financial institutions, they do notallow at least one bank in the country to fail.
Harm or benefit?
The disputes about whether offshore business brings harm or benefit to the world economy still do not subside. There are both opponents and supporters of the functioning of such tax-free zones. Those who believe that offshore business, as a rule, is not concentrated in developed countries, are deeply mistaken. To a greater or lesser extent, many world economic leaders provide such opportunities for non-residents. They include the states of the European Union, some states and the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Japan. Everyone has different conditions for granting tax incentives. Virtually every country has tax regulations that apply to international tax planning processes.
Of course, through some offshore companies that provide complete anonymity for the companies reserved in them, illegal financial transactions and transactions are carried out. However, large global companies that occupy a leading position in a particular industry will not allow themselves to register an enterprise in such an economic zone. They value their reputation. Therefore, they choose countries that clearly regulate accounting and financial reporting, guaranteeing the transparency of all operations.
During the global financial crisis, many companies have built strategic programs that require cost reduction. Without registering an organization in an offshore zone, achieve the set long-termgoals will not work. Many small and medium-sized businesses have been able to stay afloat thanks to favorable taxation conditions. They would not be able to do this if they were registered in their own country.
Today, much attention is paid to the regulation of offshore business. This helps reduce the negative trends that are observed in tax-free zones.
The need for offshore companies for Russia
The role of offshore business in the Russian economy is significant. The need for it arose due to certain circumstances. When the process of reforming the economy was launched, the citizens of the country were able to earn money in legal and illegal ways. However, investing in a business in your own country was unprofitable and unsafe.
With the collapse of the USSR, many economic ties between the republics of the former state became international. Therefore, various flows of goods and money began to be directed through offshore companies through intermediary firms. This allowed companies to withdraw their profits from the system of domestic taxation.
In such conditions, the development of offshore companies proceeded rapidly and rapidly. Market-leading companies were the first to notice new opportunities, as well as those who earned money illegally (organized crime).
It is worth noting that many Russian enterprises, thanks to well-thought-out projects regarding the use of offshore companies, were able to stay on the market in a certain period and survive in difficult economic circumstances. At the same time theyhave stabilized their position and are now prospering.
Forms of development in Russia
Offshore business in Russia began to develop from its very formation in three forms. They have survived to this day. The first form is the spontaneous development of companies operating through offshore companies. In this case, organizations use the most primitive options for using the conditions of companies that were registered in tax-free zones.
The second form of doing such a business in our country is the emergence and conduct of economic activities by secretarial companies. Such organizations receive profit from the sale of a ready-made offshore company. Its owner will decide on the further use of the received assets.
The third form of offshore companies was determined by the emergence of international secretarial organizations in our country. The services of foreign consultants have allowed different types of business to become more planned. Such specialists allow you to develop a tax plan. The technique is based on a combination of three factors. It takes into account differences in taxation in different countries, organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurial activity, as well as the peculiarities of generating income from a certain type of activity.
Negative Consequences
There are certain problems of offshore business in Russia. The use of such networks (both legal and illegal) contributes to the outflow of capital from the country. The tax revenue that goes to the budget is declining. At the same time, such a process can be both legal and illegal. If the first can be controlled, then the second is a natural phenomenon that cannot be accurately assessed.
The country's losses, according to experts, are especially significant due to outflows of criminal capital. This causes significant losses. Moreover, this trend is typical for both legal and illegal use of offshore companies.
Negative consequences affect the country's economy. Important areas of the state sphere cease to be financed. Therefore, there was a need for a policy that limited the outflow of capital. In recent decades, such activities have been carried out not only in Russia, but also in almost all developed countries of the world. Particular attention is paid to the stable development of global finance, the fight against money laundering.
Methods to improve the situation in the country
Offshore business has both negative and positive consequences for the economy. It requires careful control. However, in this case, not only the correct conduct of the anti-offshore policy is required, but also the adoption of a number of internal reforms. It is required to create favorable conditions for doing business in Russia. The country's economic and social development strategy requires revision. It is required to create favorable conditions for the inflow of international investments, the safe conduct of business by non-residents and residents of the Russian Federation. In this case, the losses associated with the offshore activities of companies will be minimal.
Having considered the features of offshore business, we can note its positive and negative sides. By minimizing adverse trends in managementbusiness through tax-free zones, the state can increase its investment attractiveness, attract international capital to the country.
