Today, a person has a choice: watch TV, read a newspaper or surf a feed on a social network to find out the first news. Wherever people are, even on the road, they can always hear the latest news from the radio news. It's good, you say. How did it all develop? After all, a hundred years ago the telephone did not exist, and sending telegrams and letters through servants and pigeons was relevant.
Media in the USA - origins and background
Modern journalism in developed countries is political, social and economic institutions of industrial activity. Over the past 80-90 years, bills have been developed, laws have been passed that have limited the functionality of the press. The life of the media in the United States began to develop rapidly closer to the 40s of the last century, when a powerful information and propaganda complex was being recreated.
There was a huge sensation for the people of the city of Boston when, at the end of September 1690, they saw the first printed newspaper, the Public Occarancies. It reflected the social events taking place in the city, and the newspaper was a sheet of smallsizes - only four pages of voluptuous rumors and news. The print edition of the bookseller Benjamin Harris published over 10,000 newspapers per circulation, and the number increased every year. The population grew, necessitating the need for more copies to be produced. The authorities of the colonial regime did not like this, as the life of the Indians and even foreign countries was also covered.
Harris' shop was closed. In 1715, another resource came out in Boston called the Boston News Letter. The Herald was founded by a native American - John Campbell. The postmaster ran the company for over 70 years, until 1776. Philadelphia soon became a more popular city for collecting information, but already in 1784 New York took the lead. He assigned himself the status of a "noisy" city, which constantly pleased the inhabitants of the United States with news. Because of the war with England, the US media began to print and "scream" with might and main about their independence, which put the whole world into a stupor. Then the spirit of freedom reigned, which the revolutionary Samuel Adams took advantage of. He founded the Independent Ads in Boston, and Thomas Paine became its most popular publisher. He left England for the United States in 1779 to publicize his drafts for newspapers - ideas for the abolition of slavery and the Negro trade. His writings were replicated in thousands of copies in the water of leaflets and small posters.
The history of the media
After the end of the war, America became an independent country, and in 1791 adopted the Constitution, where the first amendment to the Basic Law wasguaranteed freedom of journalism. Soon the era of revolutionary newspapers was a thing of the past, and early capitalist press organizations were created. For a population of four million people, 17 newspapers and 200 publications were published. This inspired rich people to create their own publishing houses - it was enough to invest a little money in the purchase of a manual printing press and you were considered a millionaire. More publications appeared in 1820, and by 1828 the first Negro newspaper, Rights for All, appeared. Then the use of this word was not forbidden. The advertisements grew brighter and took up almost three-quarters of the pages of the newspaper. Handwritten announcements were no longer posted on street boards. In the 1840s, a commercial and industrial economy developed, commercial enterprises began to cover almost all the pages of newspapers with their ads. People simply had nothing to read. The technological revolution has stepped forward:
- Railroads were being built.
- Transatlantic cables were laid.
- Telegraph communications developed.
- New rotary presses were introduced.
In the 1850s, the idea of a "penny" press was already introduced. These are newspapers that cost 1 penny or 2 cents. They were counting on the mass illiterate reader who saw fictitious implausible information in front of him. After only five years, many began to pay attention to the newspaper, whose style of publications was turned to the history of human interest, psychology and the universe. This interested people the most:
- The "real" stories of businessmen were published.
- Story novels were printed.
- Scandals and intrigues.
- Incidents and crimes.
Such tabloid press eclipsed publications, after which the historic New York Times appeared in the US media.
How did it develop?
The development of printing publishing houses increased rapidly, hundreds of enterprises were engaged in replication, people did not have enough time to describe all the events of one city. There was an idea - to coordinate with the neighboring states a few proofreading, so that people were aware of what was happening outside the town. Popular media in the US began to merge, forming powerful media structures. The periodical press began to turn into a monopoly, and the concentration of the audience's attention subsided to nothing. In 1910, 13 new newspaper lines were registered, which even began to produce one-page copies of booklets with advertisements and jokes.
People liked it so much that over the next 7-9 years the following types of news began to spread:
- Tabloids are a new type of inexpensive advertising for tabloids. It depicted not summaries of the nearest events of the city, but real fictions about the powers that be.
- Mini newspapers, half size. There was also a demand for this type of press - in bars it was convenient to read a booklet that could not be stained or drinks spilled on it.
After the First World War, radio stations began to appear in America, and by the 1920scentury, the first television programs began to be broadcast:
- The world-famous CBS network has appeared.
- The NBC network arose a little later, the National Broadcasting Company was founded.
- Advertised entertainment formats, electronic media systems were created.
- Broadcasting has become more important than the press. In the middle of the 20th century, it was considered the main channel of the mass media.
By the end of the war, tens of millions of radio stations had already been built in the United States. They made it possible to cover almost 87% of the population of the entire country. The progressive development of the press was carried out until 1945, after which the media network was completely modernized. The evening press appeared, as most of the population became interested in news events only after work. Then:
- The predominance of the Sunday press (Monday is a day off), over the evening press - many simply decided to spend their free time reading newspapers.
- Sunday began to dominate then daily.
- Then it changed to the morning one.
- A regional one has appeared.
- And then at all - local and central.
Advertising began to occupy 67.5% of all published material. Sunday publications were circulated in large numbers of copies. During the period of "Soviet anxiety", when fear reigned, intimidation of the people, as during the "cold war", anti-communist persecution left its mark on history. This was also reflected in the content of American newspapers, which played a fatal mistake that led todeformation of the news about the Soviet Union. In the 60s, a crisis swept over America, because of which people lost confidence in television. The expansion also caused financial difficulties for many print media owners. The strongest left are The New York Times, The New York Daily News, and The New York Post. They have occupied the main media niche in America.
Main media in the US are the founders of information
The American media is unrivaled in terms of technology. Despite this, in the United States, among the population of 45-67 years old, most of them read newspapers and print magazines. The world watches American movies, listens to foreign songs, loves cartoons, musicals and action comedies. It would seem that what attracts the audience in these works, because the domestic media and entertainment facilities for the population are no worse. Technology is to blame - television takes the first place, where the first three places are occupied by channels about culture and nature. The Fox TV network then began to compete, but decided to occupy the niche of the "entertainment" field.
Americans can't survive without advertising like they did 100 years ago. Therefore, 80% of the broadcasts are given over to advertising platforms in local and neighboring countries. New TV programs do not live long - up to six months, films are constantly new, spectacular. Almost ten thousand radio stations are commercial. Even the stars of show business do not live without a rating. They "specialize" in serving a particular audience.
Freedom of the media was guaranteed by the US Constitution, so there is room for political news as well. Everything is funded by private holdings, unlike radio. It is sponsored by the state by 45%, and there is no place for advertising and talk shows. National radio is completely state-owned - only businessmen and financiers, educated adults listen to it, while young people prefer to be content with private "grants".
Main media divided into blocks:
- Press - newspapers, magazines. All of them publish political and weekly news about events in the country and in the world.
- Television - there are commercial networks and free channels. CNN is the only and the first in the world to broadcast news non-stop. There are no replays, everything is in real time.
- Radio - commercial broadcasting does not include public news.
- United Press agency. These are information reference channels belonging to the same network, which are known throughout the world. Considered authoritative publications.
Besides this, America is the birthplace of the Internet, so since 2004 more than half of the people use it. As you know, it is impossible to download a song or watch a movie for free, you have to pay for everything. And this is a huge web of financial investments and income. The global infrastructure has become a popular source of electronic media, and since the 1990s, radio based on this technology has also appeared.
New-York Times – development story
This newspaper shows how difficult it is to be a media in America - to exist for decades and not be involved in a chain reaction of mergers. In fact, the newspaper was published in 1851 and was immediately liked by readers for its literary level. Numerous, diverse publications - all this makes it indispensable. The turning point in her life was 1890, when Adolf Oke made a "character" for her. Since then, the newspaper has been in demand among the thinking public. “High journalism” was also noted in the form of circulation: in 148 years it increased from 25,000 to 600,000 copies.
At the turn of the century, a social progress movement took place in journalism. However, here, too, the public withstood the blows and retained its leadership position. The reforms of "progressive dirt in raking" (for the first time the phrase thundered in 1906 in the magazine "Colliers") did not break publicists, on the contrary, they rallied. And the changes have affected magazine publications. Time magazine first appeared in 1929. A consonant and incomplete name, as it were, crowded out a newspaper with a consonant name. But the New York Times had brave guys who immediately published a protested article about trademark theft.
Being a newcomer, the magazine quickly went into the "subsoil", and the championship was returned to the world-famous newspaper. Throughout its existence, it has received 117 Pulitzer Prizes for excellence in journalism of various categories and times. She received the Peabody Award four times, one of which was presented to Jack Goulda in 1956.
"America Today" - what is
Another newspaper is USA Today, which has been gaining popularity since the 70s of the last century. In the years when the price of paper was rising (one ton cost almost $500), standard newspapers began to increase circulation, and the cost was already half a dollar. On theadvertising print USA Today earned almost ten thousand dollars a month. This is more than 61 million copies in circulation. In 1982, the newspaper was considered popular and expensive. The white-collar class couldn't afford it, so there were more ads.
Unusual layout, large headings and catchy illustration - all this attracted readers, causing association with familiar on-screen videos. In terms of style, it is a reference book, equipped with school and book-type applications. In the media, USA Today is considered a full-fledged newspaper, aimed at young people and an audience of middle-aged.
"Wall Street Magazine" - what are they talking about?
This is a 9-sheet newspaper that looks more like a magazine. Published by The Wall Street Journal every day for business people in a circulation of a million. Every day, in all cities of America, people collect information, news and something interesting from the cultural side of the United States in order to present everything in the form of publications in a day. News sections cover the situation in the economy, politics, the financial world, culture and sports. Recently, analytics and technology data have begun to be published, so The Wall Street Journal can be safely attributed to a number of "smart" newspapers. The name, of course, reflects the original idea of the idea, but this does not mean that it is read by street hooligans. No, it's related to the name of the street where the US financial center that finances the publishing house is located.
WSJ is an international newspaper published every day in England and America. There are European and Asianissues, but most of the readership is represented by the British. In the electronic version of the media, the newspaper has almost a million visits to the official website per day and several billion views of each page.
Press and news agencies
This is a separate infrastructure that is subject to government lending. Grants are given to those agencies that have "stayed afloat" in the field of journalism for more than 100 years. The main such "sharks" are:
- United Press is a private company based in New York, founded in 1907.
- Associated Press is a state-owned company that has existed since 1848.
- International News Service is a private publication founded back in 1909.
In 1959, the first and last agencies were merged into one - United Press International. Skrips and Hurst became the owners.
Also, all agencies can be divided into several areas, in which each publishes separate stylistic news:
- Propaganda organizations like USIA and VOA.
- Typological - newspaper press that is published in the morning, evening, weekly and so on.
- Special Editions - Osborne Chronicles.
- Luxury (quality) press like The Washington Post.
- Mass press - morning and evening papers like World Repost.
- Illustrative magazines – TV Guide or Life.
- Digests.
- Sunday newspaper supplements.
The US News Agency over the past two decades has been developing in the direction ofbusiness and technology in close alignment with social issues. Also, attention should be paid to another information source:
- National magazine - for men and women publishes separate issues every two weeks.
- Professional magazines - published quarterly.
- PR magazines - very popular in the USA, published free of charge among workers of certain institutions (for clients).
The US press forms the main source of information companies, but they are also supplemented by electronic versions of magazines, radio and TV channels.
Radio and TV broadcasting
When the development of printed news changed the fiber optic cable, production costs dropped by up to 68%. Cable companies began to appear, platforms and firms were opened to create multi-system operators. At first, 93 programs were broadcast, after which mass networks appeared - television broadcasting was launched separately within the framework of children's and adult time. Television in the United States was subject to a revolution when a Russian engineer, Vladimir Zworykin, conducted television experiments in 1921.
Later, songs and news sounded on the airwaves. Local radio networks are in the FM band. Most of the companies are owned by PBS Corporation. Even 100 years ago, a live image was transmitted over the waves, and then broadcasting. In the middle of the last century, almost 110 stations opened, and about 6 million TV sets were sold per year.
Broadcasting in the United States today is not the last place in the lives of citizens,because they can't do without it.
Internet media resources
Because the internet in America takes up too much space, more time and effort has been given to it to reorganize. The Internet in the United States is not only the world through the window. First of all, these are huge business prospects. The economy develops due to this, and if the electricity is cut off in one state for 1 hour, it will lose almost 4 billion of income from the total GDP. What is electronic media in the USA: the list of such information platforms is too large to enumerate, but the main one is Wikipedia. This is the world's only largest encyclopedia, presented in all languages of the world.
