Climatic region is a wide area of the earth's surface, along the entire length of which a uniform climate is formed. The weather in most of the country is severe, the winter is frosty and long, the change of seasons is clear. Russia is located in 4 climatic zones, each of which we will consider separately.
Arctic climatic region of Russia
This climatic region includes the coastal territories of Siberia and islands in the Arctic Ocean. The arctic climate dominates here all year round. Winter is harsh, protracted, the average daily temperature is equal to -30 degrees.
Summer lasts about 2-3 weeks, and the air warms up to about 0 degrees. On the territory of the Arctic belt there is a small amount of precipitation, in most areas it snows. The following climatic regions are distinguished:
- Siberian.
- Intra-Arctic.
- Atlantic.
- Pacific.
The most severethe climatic region of Russia is the 1st, Siberian, and the mildest is the Atlantic.
Subarctic belt
This is the territory of the Russian plains (West Siberian and Russian) and places along the Arctic Circle, localized to a greater extent in the forest tundra and tundra. In summer, the air temperature rises to about +10 °С, and in the south, the figures are higher.
Most precipitation is sleet with rain. The following types of climatic regions are distinguished here:
- Atlantic.
- Pacific.
- Siberian.
Record frosty temperatures are recorded in the Siberian region, and cyclones soften the climate of other regions.
Temperate
It covers a large area of the country. In the 3rd climatic region of Russia, there is a strong contrast between hot summers and cold winters.
The seasons have clear boundaries, and solar activity varies from month to month. The temperate zone is subdivided in Russia into 4 climatic regions:
- Continental - influences Western Siberia. The weather here is formed by continental air masses. Cold air moves from the northern regions to the south, and warm air moves to the northernmost regions. As a result, about 600 mm of precipitation falls annually in the north, and less than 400 mm in the south.
- The temperate continental climatic region of Russia captures more the western and European parts. The climate here is the most stable. This climatic region isremote from the oceans and seas, as a result of which there is little cloudiness, strong winds, a large number of cyclones with precipitation. The temperature in summer averages +24 degrees.
- The sharply continental climatic region of Russia is inherent in Eastern Siberia. Winters are cold, with little snow, with a minimum air temperature of up to -40 degrees. In some areas, the soil freezes so much that permafrost persists. It is warm in summer, the air in cities warms up to +25 degrees, but there is a lot of precipitation.
- Monsoonal continental climate. It prevails to a greater extent in the east of the country and in the southern regions of the Far East. Here the weather is highly dependent on the circulation of seasonal winds. In winter, the air is continental, in summer - sea. The winter is cold, there is little snow, the temperature is up to -30 degrees. Summers are humid but warm, with plenty of rain. The air warms up to +20 degrees.
The following climatic regions and subregions of Russia are located within the temperate climatic zone:
- European Atlantic Continental (Forest).
- Atlantic-Arctic.
- European Atlantic-continental (steppe).
- West Siberian continental (central and northern).
- East Siberian (continental).
- Monsoon Far East.
- Pacific.
- Continental Eastern European.
- Continental West Siberian South.
- Mountain zones of the Greater Caucasus, Sayan and Altai.
Subtropical climate
This is the 4th climatic region of Russia. It includes the mountains of the Caucasus and the territory of the Black Sea coast. Here are ideal conditions for living, livestock and crop production. The Caucasus Mountains do not allow cold Arctic masses to pass to the coast, which affects the climate of this area.
Natural conditions vary depending on the terrain - from heavily humidified zones (from Anapa to Tuapse) to arid steppes (from Taman to Anapa). Anapa is followed by the territory of the Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by heavy precipitation in winter and an average annual temperature regime of +11 … +14 °С.
A similar type of climate is found on the coast of Crimea. In this type of climatic region of Russia, the only region stands out - the Black Sea region.
Climate in the Krasnodar Territory
The lowest temperature in January is 0 degrees. The soil does not freeze at all, and the snow melts rapidly. The maximum amount of precipitation falls in the spring, resulting in floods.
In summer, the air warms up above +30 degrees, and in the second half of July, the driest period begins. Autumn is always warm, lasts long enough.
Climate of Central Russia
Depending on the territory, the temperature in winter is in the range of -12 … -25 ° С. The lowest temperatures are in January. February passes with strong winds, and heavy snowfalls come in early March.
The long-awaited warmth comes in May, but sometimes even in June there are frosts. Summer lasts approximately 90 days, accompanied by cyclonesshowers and thunderstorms. The first frosts come at the end of September.
What is the climate in Karelia
The weather here is changeable throughout the year. In winter, the temperature reaches about -10 degrees, there is a lot of snow. In February, the seasons of severe frosts are replaced by thaws. Spring starts in mid-April.
At this time, the air heats up to +10 degrees. Summer is short, hot days are in July and June. In September it is dry and sunny, but at night the first frosts already occur. It's already getting cold by October.
Climate of Siberia
This is one of the coldest Russian regions. Winter is cold, but there is little snow. In some regions, the air temperature reaches -40 degrees. Wind and snowfall are rare.
Snow begins to melt in April, and in regions with permafrost, it becomes warm only in June. In summer, the air warms up to +20 degrees. Autumn starts in September, and the first snow falls in October.
Yakutia
The temperature in winter reaches -35 degrees, and in the Verkhoyansk region the air can cool down to -60 °C. Winter lasts about 7 months, the sun rises only for 4-5 hours. Spring is short, comes only in May, summer lasts 60 days. In August, it starts to get colder rapidly, and in mid-October the waters are already frozen over.
Far East
The climate in this area is diverse, ranging from monsoon to continental. Average temperatures in winter: -24 degrees. Snow falls herea lot, and little rainfall in spring.
Summer is hot, with frequent heavy rains in August. Autumn is usually warm and not rainy. In mid-October, the temperature is set to -14 degrees and below. Winter comes in 25-30 days.
Construction and climatic regions of Russia
There are four of them:
- Special climate zone IA - Far North region.
- Climatic zone ΙB - Arctic region.
- Climatic zones I and II - areas of the temperate zone.
- Climatic zone IV - Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
What are the climatic regions of Russia according to SNiP? SNiP are building norms and rules of an economic, technical and legal nature that regulate the conduct of engineering surveys, construction, design (the current version of SNiP 23-01-99 with amendments).
In building climatology, this set of rules and regulations establishes the climatic parameters used in the design of structures, ventilation, heating, water supply, air conditioning systems, during the planning and development of rural and urban settlements, and in the construction of roads. It contains the following information:
- outdoor temperature;
- schematic maps of the distribution of geophysical and climatic parameters in Russia;
- maximum and average daily amplitude of outdoor temperature;
- outdoor humidity and precipitation;
- wind speed and direction;
- solar radiation coming in different months;
- terminologyand method for calculating climatic parameters.
Why do you need to know the location of climatic regions
Climate has a serious impact on humans, and its features must be taken into account in construction, agriculture, transport and other areas of activity. Let's take a look at a few examples in brief:
- Construction of buildings. In any construction, it is important to take into account the features of the relief. For structures, the material and thickness of the walls are selected, the need for waterproofing the foundation (with groundwater and excessive soil moisture). It is also important to choose the right material for the roof and find out if you need to further deepen communications and so on.
- Road construction - it turns out the need to raise the soil, additional strengthening, increasing the thickness of the road surface, whether it is necessary to lay overhead utilities or create underground ones together with them and how they need to be protected.
- Design of engineering type communications - type of materials, the need for enhanced protection against temperature anomalies.
- Planning for the extraction of natural resources - what design should the wells be and whether additional communications need to be done.
- Assessing the possibility of people living - are there extreme conditions, can people live and work in certain conditions.
- Laying of railway tracks - the total construction budget is calculated, the number of fastenings, the frequency of installation of piles.
- Fish breeding, animal husbandry and rearingplants: what types of fish and animals can live in a particular climate, will the enterprise be profitable or not.
- Planning resort areas. For this, not only the climate is studied, but also the landscape features of the area. Thanks to this, balneological, ski resorts, beaches and he alth facilities appear.
