The main property of matter is movement as a way of existence. It becomes possible only in the presence of this action, manifesting itself through it. In the world, in the Universe, everything is subject to movement: objects, systems, phenomena. And at the same time, both concepts of "matter" and "motion" are abstract concepts, since they do not exist on their own, there is the movement of material objects, just as matter does not exist without it.
What is movement
We will briefly consider movement as a way of existence of matter. In philosophy, the concepts of "motion" and "matter" are devoted to many works of outstanding thinkers. What can be called movement? Any change in the state of an object, system. It can take any form from simple movement to a social process in society.
Movement is absolute, as everything moves. If, in our opinion, the body is at rest, this does not mean that the movement is completely stopped, it goes into internal processes. It continues to move along with the Earth, the Solar system, the Galaxy. The fact that motion and matter are inseparable was recognized by the ancient Greek materialist philosophers.
Philosophers-metaphysics understood movement from the point of view of mechanics. When asked what is the beginning of the movement, the answer was unequivocal, it comes from external circumstances. If movement is transmitted from one object to another, then what was the beginning. What was the first move? According to Newton, this was the first impetus, which can be considered as a Divine force.
The concept of movement in dialectical materialism
The concept in the philosophy of motion as a way of existence of matter was introduced by scientists who adhere to the views of dialectical materialism. They are based on the following:
• An integral property of the existence of matter is movement. Without it, the existence of matter is impossible. If we imagine matter without movement, then we will see a frozen static mass - a chaotic unchanging heap. But everything in the world changes, takes on different forms and states. Movement contributes to this.
• Motion is any change in the Universe.
• Movement is a contradiction, the beginning of which materialists call the unity of opposites.
Let's take a closer look at this.
Start of movement
Movement is a way of existence of matter. Materialism saw the reason for the beginning of movement within the body, system, phenomenon, it represented a certain inconsistency, for example, constancy and variability, attraction and repulsion, old and new, simple and complex, and so on. As a result of the unity of contradictions within matter, activity arises, which is the cause of the beginning of movement. In other words, in the single whole that exists inside matter, the process of separation into opposites is going on, after which the struggle between them begins.
Movement, according to dialectical materialism, is the result of internal activity that generates the unity of opposites, resulting in self-movement, that is, primary movement. According to dialectics, everything in the Universe exists with each other in connection, it is from this that one can draw a logical conclusion about self-motion.
Movement as a way of being. Stability and variability
In dialectic, stability and change are a pair of opposites that define movement. What is sustainability? This is the preservation of certain properties, relations and states of certain material systems. From this it should be assumed that variability is a change in properties, which leads to the creation of new material systems.
Movement contains both opposites, which do not meet in their pure form, but are interconnected. For example,the variability of movement is obvious, it is repeated, which in itself serves as a certain kind of constancy. It is impossible to talk about stability or variability as a source of movement. Since their unity, interaction and, as the action of opposites, mutual exclusion - there is movement. In other words, briefly, movement, as a way of existence of matter, consists in the struggle of opposites.
The meaning of opposites: stability and variability as ways of movement is great. For example, if we take the evolutionary processes in nature, then there is clearly a variability that goes from the lowest to the highest. But it is simply impossible to imagine evolution without sustainability. Its form here will be the consolidation of the experience gained, transformations in the form of information accumulated, consolidated and passed on to the next generations. This is called heredity.
Movement characteristics
Materialistic dialectics passes through the physical and metaphysical understanding of movement as mechanical, that is, the simple movement of objects in space relative to each other, in which the process of movement occurs as if by itself in a vicious circle. She looks at movements from a materialistic point of view and believes that movement can be described as:
• Material. Movement can only be material, since it is impossible without matter.
• Absolute. As mentioned above, absolutely everything moves. Every existence implies change,which is movement.
• Relative. The movement of one object occurs relative to another. Even when an object (matter) is at absolute rest relative to some bodies, it moves relative to others.
• Controversial. Since we consider motion as a way of existence of matter, the reason for its beginning is inconsistency. In every object, substance, certain changes are constantly taking place. From this point of view, the object, remaining the same, changes every moment, it, as a result of changes in it, is already different. Only this can explain the diversity of the world.
Resting state
From the point of view of inconsistency, if there is movement, then there must be another state. And it is, it is called peace, which is not a reality, located next to the movement. It cannot be attributed to the antipodes. This is movement, as a way of existence of matter. Peace must be understood as a moment of stability, lack of change, balance, temporary unity of opposites.
Movement, as a way of existence, is a constant change, and peace is the preservation of the state of stability of things and the condition for their existence. Let's imagine the absence of a state of rest. The endless movement would turn everything into chaos. And only a state of rest gives qualitatively distinguishable objects that, being in it, exist for a certain time in a certain place. At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize the main thing that movement is absolute, and peace is relative.
Three types of movement
Movement and development as a way of existence of matter can be traced in animate and inanimate nature, in society in the form of changes. But it is not a homogeneous process. Even if we consider a person, we will notice changes of various types in him. First, a person is born, and there are changes in development. Then gradually begin to change in the direction of extinction, aging. So what are the types of movement:
• Ascending line - from simple to complex. Development.
• Descending line - from complex to simple. Aging.
• In a straight line. There are no downward or upward movements with it. Lasts a short period of time. After its completion, it is possible to move along any of the previously named types.
All these changes are relative to other items.
Variety of forms of movement
Dialectics considers the diversity of the motion of matter and its basic forms, transitions from one to another. Each of them has different carriers (matter), each of them has its own laws that work at a certain level. Simple forms of movement form more complex ones, while in total they make up a qualitatively new one.
The classification of the forms of movement and, together with them, the sciences to which they obey, was first developed by Friedrich Engels. He defined them as the main five forms that are well known. It is mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, social. All of them are interconnected, they include simpler forms of movement. In turn, they also form even morecomplex shapes.
Even the simplest form of movement - mechanical, according to Engels, consists of many movements, such as rectilinear, curvilinear, chaotic, accelerated and so on. The most difficult form is the social one.
Social shape movement
Why is this form, which is associated with thinking, considered the most difficult? This happens at the expense of the carrier - social matter, which is the most complex. It includes all the changes that occur in the human body. An example would be the pumping of blood through the vessels in the human body - the human heart takes part in this, which performs mechanical work, but it is not a mechanism, since its work is subordinate to the organs of the nervous system. The main types of human life, such as labor, social and others, cause changes in demography, ethnic groups, the development of productive forces, and so on. They occur in accordance with the laws of motion that operate on a social level.
Space and time as forms of movement
Space and time are an abstraction, they do not exist, because in principle they cannot exist in reality, they exist only in our head and exist only as empty forms. Paradoxical as it may seem, but for two thousand years scientists-philosophers have been working with empty forms. In their book "Anti-Duhring" Marx and Engels defined space and time as characteristics, signs of movement.
Openingnew forms of movement
But as life has shown, the classification of forms of movement in our time has undergone significant changes. The development of science leads to the discovery and study of new forms of movement. But still, the study of movement and development, as ways of the existence of matter, remains the most important. For example, in our time the question arose of studying new forms: geological, cosmological, quantum mechanical, and so on. Their essence lies in the specifics of the carriers. This matter is studied by scientists. Knowledge of various forms of movement not yet known decades ago suggests that this is not the end. Nature is ready to present to man many forms of movement, matter.
