The city of Kyzyl is the capital of the Republic of Tuva, which is an unexplored region of Russia. It is located 4700 kilometers from the capital of the country, in the southern region of Eastern Siberia.
Kyzyl (Tyva) is the end point of the Usinsky highway, which leads to Abakan. In addition, this is a large pier on the Yenisei.
The time difference between Kyzyl and Moscow is 4 hours. Index of Kyzyl (Republic of Tyva) - 667000.
Geographic location
Where is Kyzyl (Tyva) on the map of Russia? You can find it in the geographical center of the Asian continent. The city is located on an area of 200 square kilometers, which is located in the east of the Tuva basin, where the large Yenisei merges with the Small, and the Upper Yenisei originates.
Climate
According to its weather conditions, the city of Kyzyl (Tyva) is equated to the region of the Far North. The area where it is located is characterized by a sharply continental climate.
The weather in Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva) is greatly influenced by its location in the basin. It is surrounded on all sides by hills that restrict the movement of air masses. The one who visited the city of Kyzyl (Republic ofTyva), marks its harsh winters with little snow, when the temperature sometimes drops to minus 52 degrees with an average value of -28. But even in those years when the cold period is mild enough, there is no thaw here.
After a harsh, little snowy and windless winter, a short spring comes, and then a hot summer. Already in May, in the area where the city of Kyzyl (Tyva) is located, the thermometer can rise to +37. In summer, everything happens +40.
During the hot season, long droughts are often observed. And this is despite the fact that with an annual rainfall of 220 mm, their largest amount falls from June to September. Strong hurricanes and storms are possible at the very beginning of summer.
The first frosts in the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tuva) come in September. In this first autumn month, the temperature differences between day and night sometimes range from 30 to 40 degrees.
However, the severity of the climate in these areas is caused not only by cold winters, sudden temperature changes and dust storms. The residents of the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tyva) are also troubled by the Yenisei, which floods coastal areas every spring.
Ecology
How livable is the city of Kyzyl (Tyva)? From the point of view of ecology, it is difficult to consider it safe. Atmospheric pollution on its territory occurs with emissions from the Kyzyl CHPP and small boiler houses, as well as heating systems located in the private sector. Deteriorates air quality and urban transport.
Nevertheless, environmentalists note the fact that compared to the figures of the 90s of the last centuryair pollution in the city has decreased by almost five times. However, the soot and soot in the air of the city of Kyzyl (Republic of Tyva) is a real problem. It becomes especially relevant in winter, when snow falls, which cannot be white for a long time. There is so much soot and soot in this area that they do not allow housewives to dry clothes on the street. But more serious problems arise in people who suffer from asthma and bronchitis.
Specialists note the largest amount of soot in the private sector. After all, here in the houses of local residents there is stove heating. Strong air pollution is observed in the northern and southwestern regions of Kyzyl. Here, in addition to soot, there are such harmful substances in the air as:
- lead, whose presence in the territories adjacent to gas stations is 4 times higher than the norm;
- cadmium, whose indicators are 3-33 times higher than the norm both in Kyzyl itself and in its suburbs; - mercury, which is 13 times more than the norm in the gas station area.
Besides, the atmosphere, which was investigated in the Tyva Republic (Kyzyl), turned out to be full of such harmful components as nickel and arsenic, manganese, cob alt and ammonium.
To a lesser extent, the "lungs of the city" are polluted in the eastern and right-bank parts of it. These are the sections located between the hippodrome and Sputnik.
It is worth noting that the government of the Republic of Tyva in Russia is striving to make Kyzyl an environmentally safe city, having achieved the snow-white cover already forgotten by people in winter. There are plans to reducesoot content in the air. And they strive to implement them through the introduction of innovative developments. However, there is no money for their implementation yet.
The problem, however, requires a solution. After all, it is aggravated by the very location of the capital of Tuva, since the foundation pit accumulates harmful elements in the atmosphere and does not allow them to dissipate.
The waters of the Great Yenisei, as well as its tributaries flowing in the Kyzyl region, are also marked with pollution. At the same time, experts noted the content of negative impurities, sometimes exceeding the standard values by 11 times. That is why swimming here is not worth it, even despite the onset of the summer heat. After all, such a pastime is dangerous for he alth. The main culprit of river pollution is the local water utility. But residents of the city also contribute to the deterioration of the ecological situation. They prefer to save money on car washes by tidying up the appearance of their "iron horses" in the free waters of the Yenisei.
History of the city
4.04.1914 the territory of Russia expanded somewhat due to the annexation of the small neighbors of the Republic of Tyva. Previously belonging to the Uryankhai region, it officially became part of the Yenisei province.
The future independent republic had control located in St. Petersburg. It was he who made the historic decision to start construction of residential buildings and a wide variety of infrastructure facilities in the area. In the spring of 1914 Vladimir Gabaev visited Tuva. He was not only the chief manager, but also the head of the Russianpopulation. Then, in April 1914, the construction of the city at the mouth of the Yenisei began.
What was in this area before? Officials used to come here to pray. Here they also had their own small shops. In those days, the area where the city of Kyzyl (Tyva) was later built was devastated. Yes, people lived here. However, their villages were located only on the banks of the Yenisei. The locals lived in yurts and grazed their livestock on pastures near the river. The territory of the future city was a thicket of poplar and bird cherry, willows and dense tall green grass.
Already in 1914 the general project of the city was finally approved. His first plots of land went to managers, officials and honorary citizens of nearby settlements. They were also allocated for infrastructure facilities. The city began to build rapidly.
These territories were visited by many officials on a business trip. And almost all of them claimed that the place for Kyzyl was chosen very well. Of course, the decision to build the city had many obstacles in its path, in particular, the great remoteness of its territory from large settlements. However, this did not become an obstacle to construction, which proceeded at a rapid pace. It took only a few months for residential buildings to appear in the future city.
They started laying a wheeled road here. To speed up the outlined plans, they even attracted workers who were subordinate to the military department. Already a year after the startconstruction in the city, there were more than fifty private buildings and about twenty public buildings. The number of inhabitants then amounted to 470 people.
G. Kyzyl (Belotsarsk in those years) did not stop expanding even after the October Revolution. In 1918, power in the city passed to the Uryankhai Regional Council, which gathered representatives of various peoples at its congresses. However, military events did not bypass these territories. The long battles that took place in 1919 led to fires. Most of the city's buildings were damaged by them. Most of the inhabitants moved from these places or joined the Siberian partisans.
In 1918 the city was renamed. Instead of Belotsarsk, Khem-Beldyr arose, which in the language of the indigenous population meant "a place where two rivers merge." This name indicated the geographical location of this settlement. After 8 years, the city was renamed again. In memory of the fallen soldiers, it was called the "Red City". This is how Kyzyl is translated from the Tuvan language.
Since August 1921, a new administrative unit has appeared in the country. It became the Tuva People's Republic, which at that time was independent. Many different committees, as well as the government and the executive committee, were transferred to its capital - the city of Kyzyl. This allowed the former Belotsarsk to become the center of the economic, social and political life of the Tuvan Republic. In the 40s of the last century, mass construction of administrative buildings and infrastructure facilities began in Kyzyl.
From the end of 1944, the Tuva Republic officially began to be inpart of the Russian Federation. In the same period, a master plan for the development of the city was developed. A year later, several automatic telephone exchanges were installed in Kyzyl, thanks to which communication communications were developed.
After the change in the status of the Republic, a number of large enterprises sprang up in the city. Among them are furniture and textile factories, as well as a sawmill. A pedagogical university operates in the city, as well as branches of some Russian higher educational institutions. There is a research institute of national language and culture in Kyzyl. Kyzyl (Tyva Republic) is connected with other cities of Russia by various messages. Among them are ground, river and air.
The A-162 highway is located between Kyzyl and Ak-Dovurak. The Yenisei federal road M54 provides communication between the city and Mongolia and Abakan. Buses run regularly from Kyzyl in the direction of Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk and Tomsk. Six kilometers southwest of the city is an international airport. Air liners fly from here to Novosibirsk and Moscow, Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk. It also offers flights to the settlements of Tyva, which are hard to reach.
The closest railway stations from the city are in Minusinsk (390 km) and Abakan (410 km). A motor ship runs along the Great Yenisei during the navigation period.
Thanks to the well-established transport links, the Russian Post works in the city without any interruptions. It is engaged in the distribution and delivery of not only items, but also money transfers. Those who send a letter or parcel to the Republic of Tuva,Kyzyl, the index of your recipient must be clarified in advance. After all, 17 post offices are open and operating in the city. All of them have a different index. Quite a few letters arrive in Tyva (Kyzyl) every day.
The data necessary for the correct processing of the shipment must be clarified in official sources. For example, st. Taiga (Republic of Tyva, Kyzyl) index has 667001.
Population
Statistics available at the beginning of 2014 indicate that the capital of Tyva, Kyzyl (see photo of the modern city below), has a population of 114,000 people.
And this is almost one third of the inhabitants of the entire Republic. Compared to the same indicators in 2012, the number of residents of Kyzyl has increased by 3 thousand people. But these data are considered official. In reality, the population of the capital of Tuva is much higher. This discrepancy creates some difficulties in many areas of public life (housing, education and he alth care). So, in the city of Kyzyl (Tyva), schools are not able to accept all children. The same phenomenon is observed in kindergartens. Local hospitals are also suffering from a lack of beds.
Kyzyl (Tyva, Russia) is considered a city of young families. Every third married couple living in the described settlement fits this definition. At the same time, the average age of the population of Kyzyl is 30 years. But, despite such young families, in recent years, the city has seen a decline in the birth rate. This figure was-4.5%. One explanation for this phenomenon is the transience of marriages. After all, every third of them soon breaks up.
City statistics also explain that more women live in the capital of Tuva. They are 54% of the total population. And if the ratio between different sexes in childhood is approximately the same, then the situation among the working-age population is completely different. Among the employed there are 37,000 women and 33,000 men. But among pensioners there are more representatives of the strong half of humanity. Their number is 7.9 thousand people. There are only 2.8 thousand women in this population group
National composition
Among the population of Kyzyl is:
- 79% of Tuvans;
- 15% of Russians;- 6% of other nationalities, namely Kyrgyz and Kakas, Ukrainians and Armenians, Tatars, Uzbeks and Buryats.
Religion
Such a diverse national composition explains the large number of directions in the religion of the Kyzyl people. So, the inhabitants of this city adhere to Orthodoxy and Buddhism, shamanism and Protestantism. However, despite this, the capital of Tuva can rightly be considered stable in socio-political terms. After all, people here do not oppress anyone, while respecting other people's traditions and culture.
As before, native Tuvans, as well as Russians, Kakas and representatives of other nations do not live in separate groups at all, but all mixed up. This has been going on since time immemorial. After all, in those distant times, yurts of nomadic steppe dwellers were set up near Russian wooden huts.
Culture
Tuvans are an ethnic group of Asian culturesand bearers of such ancient arts as:
- throat singing "khoomei";
- playing musical instruments byzanchy and khomus;
- national wrestling "kuresh"; - stone carving.
The latter, by the way, has been known in Tuva since ancient times. In the west of the Republic, in the mountains of Bai-Taiga, there are huge deposits of agalmatolite. This is a stone that cannot be passed by indifferently. And it seems that there is no precious brilliance in it, and nature has endowed it with a chic color, but when it comes out from under the hands of the artist, it turns into a living taiga bird or into a wild beast, into a monster, as if it came out of the pages of a children's book with fairy tales, etc. The stone is very malleable, for which it was called "chonar-dash". Translated from the language of the indigenous population, this means "a stone that can be cut."
Regions of Kyzyl
During its entire historical period, the city of Kyzyl has grown significantly. And today it has several microdistricts, namely:
- Central;
- Mountain;
- South;
- East;
- Right Bank;
- Kaa-Khem; - Kyzyl.
There are other areas in Kyzyl. These are Avtodorozhny and Kozhzavod, Sputnik and Builder, Right Bank and Left Bank.
New buildings of the city are located in the Southern, Eastern and Mountainous regions, as well as on the territory of the Right and Eastern Banks.
Transportation
Today, the capital of Tuva connects all regions of the Republic, including the most remote ones, into a single hub. Here, in addition to taxis, minibuses and buses, there is river transport. ExceptIn addition, not far from the capital of Tyva, there is the airport "Kyzyl", which is on the list of supporters.
The plans of the Russian government include the construction of a railway in the direction of Kuragino-Kyzyl.
Attractions
In the very center of Kyzyl on Arata square there is a musical drama theater. Here you can also see a Buddhist prayer drum. Also in the central part of the city is the State Philharmonic of the Republic, the House of Folk Art and other cultural institutions.
There is a National Museum named after Aldan Maadyr in the city, where you can admire the richest collection of archaeological finds. In 2008, a new modern museum building was put into operation, which is one of the most beautiful in the city. Today, most of the archaeological finds are presented on four floors of the complex. There is in the museum "gold of the Scythians", as well as other things found in the world-famous barrow "Arzhaan-2". There are also several small museums in Kyzyl (political repressions and Nadya Rusheva).
Due to the popularity of the city as the geographical center of Asia, the attention of many tourists is attracted by the stele located on the banks of the Yenisei. It's called "Center of Asia". You can see it on the embankment at the confluence of the Small and Big Yenisei.
There is a memorial in the city, which was erected in honor of the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the Red partisans. In 2000, a monument to the teacher was built. In the city center there is a square in which a bust of S. K. Current -the first head of the Central Committee of the CPSU of the Tuva Republic. There is also a monument in Kyzyl erected to the victims of political repressions.
If you enter the city from Erzin, here you can admire another symbol of Tuva. This is a monument erected to the shepherd - Kadarchy. His gigantic figure rises above the plain. The shepherd is dressed in an ethnic costume, on the belt of which a knife and a steel are traditionally fixed. Initially, the shepherd was conceived by artists as an independent figure. However, after the erection of the monument, people began to pay attention to the fact that the shepherd had no sheep. Taking into account this remark, stones were brought here, painted white. Thus, at the feet of Kadarcha today you can see a herd.
At the northern entrance to Kyzyl there is a monument to Arat. It also represents the symbol of the city.
Travellers are also interested in the building of the Buddhist temple. This temple stands out for its unique architecture. Another Buddhist symbol is the Stupa of Enlightenment. It is installed near the airport, and its contemplation brings peace and tranquility to the soul.
Among the memorable places of Kyzyl, one can single out the most beautiful natural park, stretching along the bends of the Yenisei, as well as the springs of Arzhaan healing water located near the city, the amazing properties of which have been known for more than 600 years.
Tourists should also take a trip to Mount Dogee. It serves as an ethnographic and archaeological natural monument of these places. It is also called the Mountain of Love. It rises above the city and has a height of 1002 m. It is believed that everyone who visits it gets rid of all sins, and also cleanses the soul and body.
Not far from the city there is another amazing attraction of these places. On the right bank of the Ulug-Khem, you can admire ancient rock inscriptions and drawings.
