Mostovaya is a street, a road with a certain type of pavement of the carriageway and the pedestrian part. In Russian, the word "pavement" can denote the type of street and be included in the name. For example, Mostovaya Street in Yekaterinburg. Bridge roads and streets are an integral part of early civilizations. They are found during excavations of ancient cities. They have not lost their relevance in our time, however, the technology of their construction has changed.
What is pavement
First of all, a pavement is a paved street. In previous years, not all streets had such “clothing”, so this word emphasized a distinctive feature, which later sometimes served as its name. In Russian, wooden floors were called a platform. Since the pavements of roads and streets in Russia until the 18th century were made of wood, the streets were first called scaffolds, and then pavements.
History
Bridge streets appeared thousands of years ago. ATAncient Rome had an indisputable rule. Before starting the laying of the settlement, they laid and paved the road along which it was possible to reach it. Next, water supply facilities and drains were built. After that, houses were built. A preserved fragment of the ancient Roman road to the Palatine serves as a monument to road construction. Pavement structures at that time were very simple. A foundation was made, which consisted of sand, cartilage, rubble, stones were laid out on it. All this was well compacted, and the seams were covered with medium or fine sand.
During excavations in Pompeii, well-preserved areas with cobbled streets were discovered. Moreover, the passage for carts (roadway) was separated from the passable part for residents. The surviving pavements were made of cobblestones.
In medieval Europe, pavements are city streets made of cobblestones or processed stones. They have survived to our times. True, they were periodically repaired. Such coverage can still be seen in many European cities, where stone pavements are quite common in the old parts of cities and villages.
Pavements in Russia
In the flat part of Russia, it was hard to get stone, but there was always plenty of forests, so the street covering was made of wood. In the northern cities and towns, you can still see wooden courtyards and sidewalks, as this is the cheapest type of coverage. An example is the city of Arkhangelsk, where wooden pavements are an integral part of the old city.
BIn 1714, for the paving of streets in the new capital, St. Petersburg, the obligation to collect stones was introduced. Each homeowner had to pave the road in front of the house. It was necessary to do this evenly and so that in the spring it would not be washed away by rains. All ships coming from Ladoga were obliged to bring the stone to St. Petersburg in the prescribed quantity.
Each cart arriving in the capital had to bring three stones weighing five pounds. For failure to comply, a fine of one hryvnia was due, which at that time was a lot of money. In order for the residents of the city to know what a pavement is and how to lay the coating, rules were developed that were approved by the mayor of St. Petersburg in 1718. Paved roads were widely used in the south of Tsarist Russia, as well as in its B altic part. Of particular pride is the Red Square in Moscow, paved with paving stones (sawn tiles).
What bridges are made of
Materials from which pavements are made are cobblestones, hewn stone (paving stones), cast-iron slabs, wood, asph alt pavement. The first cast-iron pavements appeared in the US cities - New York and Boston. Sakharov, the manager of the Russian steamship plant, while in the United States, acquired and brought samples to Russia. According to them, blanks were made for paving a small yard of a steamship plant. Grand Duke Konstantin became interested in the cast-iron pavement, who ordered to lay out a small pavement in the same way near the Penkovy Bridge, in a section with heavy traffic. The length of the trial plot was only 160meters.
After the tests, several more pavements were covered with cast-iron slabs, which served people for more than 100 years. In 1978 they were restored, and today it is a landmark of the city. Cast iron pavements can be found in Kronstadt.
Coverings made of hewn stones, which are laid according to a certain pattern, have gained great popularity. Pavements are smooth, which makes movement on them more comfortable. The materials for their manufacture are sandstone or granite. This method is labor intensive. Sandstone pavements can be found in Paris and Berlin, granite - in London and St. Petersburg. They have certain disadvantages. The former are less durable, while the latter are very slippery in rainy weather.
Since 1926, pavement pavements have been made of asph alt, which is more resistant to natural disasters, its laying is less laborious. Currently, the process of covering roads is completely mechanized. Today it is not customary to call an asph alted street a pavement. This name has been preserved for roads and streets paved with stone, cast iron.
