Oil is a fossil fuel, which is a combustible and oily liquid. Included in the group of petrolites, since its composition is close to ozocerites and combustible gases. Consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemical compounds. As usual, it has a pure black color and a specific smell. Over the past two centuries, oil has been an essential component of human life. These minerals can occur at depths ranging from 1 meter to 6 kilometers.
Kazakh oil
After Russia, among all the former Soviet republics, the largest deposits of liquid hydrocarbons are in Kazakhstan. According to the most conservative estimates, the most valuable natural reserves (oil and gas) in the country are about 40 billion barrels, that is, more than 5 billion tons. It turns out that Kazakhstan can develop its deposits for about 70 years, and there are still unexplored territories.
In Kazakhstan, oil production began earlier than in Iran, Kuwait and other countries. For the first time, oil was produced in the country in 1899, and by 1992 the volumes had been increased to 25.8 million tons, and after another 20 years -80 million tons. The first developed field is Karashungul in the Atyrskaya region.
Today, many oil companies and 3 refineries operate in the country.
Tengiz
Deposit in the Atyrskaya region, 350 kilometers from the city of Atyrau. It was discovered in 1979, the field belongs to the Caspian province. The deposits are located at a depth of 3 to 6 kilometers. The oil saturation coefficient is 0.82, the oil is sour by 0.7%. Density – 789 kg/m3.
The projected volume of consumption was assumed to be more than 3 billion, and associated gases about 2 trillion cubic meters.
General information about the enterprise
Tengizchevroil (Tengiz field, Kazakhstan) was founded in 1993. At that time, the agreement was signed by the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Chevron campaign. Later, the company acquired partners, now the percentage of shares in the company is as follows:
- Chevron, USA - 50%;
- Exxonmobil USA - 25%;
- KazMunayGas, Kazakhstan - 20%
- LukArco, Russia - 5%.
Chronology of events
In Kazakhstan, a gas and oil field was discovered in Tengiz in 1979. Already in December, on the 18th, oil was produced from the first well from pre-s alt formations, from a depth of 4,045 to 4,095 thousand meters. About 100 wells were drilled until the mid-1980s.
- 1985 -there is a fire in the well T-37. The fire was extinguished after about 1.5 years.
- 1986 was marked by the beginning of the "great" construction. We began to build production facilities and launched the construction of the first stage of construction of a gas processing plant. Specialists from European and American companies, domestic craftsmen were involved in the project.
- 1991 - the Tengiz oil and gas complex is launched. And one day from well T-8 begins to flow to the production line to refine crude oil.
- 1997 - the first modernization was carried out in the production complex of the Tengiz field. The measures taken made it possible to increase production up to 7 million tons. The project was completed only in 2001.
- 2001 - the CPC oil pipeline is put into operation, delivering oil to the terminals of the city of Novorossiysk.
- 2001-2008. Launch of the so-called second generation plant construction program, together with the gas re-injection complex.
- 2009 - Tengiz oil fields produce 25 million tons of oil per year.
Transportation
In 2001, the Tengiz brand appeared. As soon as the pipeline across the Caspian is launched, all oil goes to the port of Novorossiysk.
Since 2008, exports through the oil pipeline begin: Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan. In the same year, rail deliveries are resumed along the route: Baku - Batumi.
The tragedy of the region in the last century
It all started on June 23, 1985, when a well numbered37. It was quite deep - 4 kilometers. For the environment, it was a real ecological disaster - a huge amount of harmful chemical compounds got into the atmosphere. A column of fire and smoke rose to a level of 200 meters above the ground. All this went on for 400 days. A lot of specialists arrived at the Tengiz field, they tried several extinguishing methods. In the end, it was possible to extinguish the flame only with the help of an internal explosion.
The radius of the negative effect on the environment has extended to 400 kilometers. Naturally, such a disaster prompted the management of the enterprise to take certain measures in the field of industrial safety and social responsibility.
Industrial safety
Today, Tengizchevroil is a leader in the field of industrial safety in the country's oil production and refining industry. In total, as of 2016, the company's employees and contractors worked more than 55 million hours without a single incident. That is, the enterprise complies with all world standards in the field of industrial safety and not only strives, but does everything to avoid industrial injuries.
Last year's figures
According to the Director General of the enterprise, in 2017, the Tengiz field reached a record high in oil production and amounted to more than 28 million tons (the figure slightly exceeded 27 million tons the year before), that is, the volume increasedby 4.1%.
The company sold about 1.38 million tons of liquefied gas. Almost 2.5 million tons of dry sulfur and almost 7.5 billion cubic meters of dry gas were also released to buyers. m.
Funding of Kazakhstan for the period from 1993 to 2017 amounted to 125 billion US dollars. This amount included roy alties and taxes, payment of salaries to local employees, purchases of domestic goods, dividends to the government.
Plans for the current year
According to the General Director, the main goal of the enterprise for 2018 is to increase oil and gas production at the Tengiz field, Karashyganak. To date, the cost of the project is estimated at more than 36 billion US dollars. According to preliminary estimates, the measures taken will increase the production capacity of the crude product to 36 million tons per year.
Due to the increase in volumes, Kazakhstan will only benefit due to the increase in the revenues of the envisaged deductions. During the construction period, the number of jobs will be dramatically increased. The company promises to employ about 20,000 employees. The design organizations of Kazakhstan are used to the maximum in the implementation of the project.
