Hegel's triad is one of the fundamental concepts of all philosophy. It is designed to explain the development of each object of the universe, while highlighting the mind, nature and spirit (thinking). Hegel himself is not famous for clear explanations, but we will try to understand, as far as possible, in such logical and structured, but equally confusing theories of the great philosopher.
Out of all my students, only one understood me, and that one was wrong.
Who is Hegel?
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born in Stuttgart on August 27, 1770. From the moment he began his studies at the theological department of the University of Tübingen, he was extremely interested in philosophy and theology. After defending his master's thesis, he worked as a home teacher.
The death of his father in 1799 brought him a small inheritance, thanks to which he gained financial independence and devoted himself entirely to academic activities. Hegel lectured at the University of Jena on various topics. True, they were not particularly popular.
Later after departurefrom Jena, he received an invitation to the University of Berlin. His first lectures were not very attractive to students. But as time went on, more and more people came to the classes. Students from different countries wanted to hear about philosophy and history from the lips of Georg Wilhelm Hegel.
The philosopher died at the height of his own success on November 14, 1831.
Hegel's system of philosophy
The Hegel system construction model is a triad, that is, three stages of development. The movement along them was strict and definite. The main three principles are as follows: being in oneself (idea), being outside oneself (nature), being in oneself and for oneself (spirit).
The development of the triad for Hegel is based on rationalism. Only with the help of a pure and ideal mind is the true course of the development process possible.
Thus we get three components of Hegel's triad principle:
- Logic (idea development).
- Philosophy of nature.
- Philosophy of spirit.
And since the mind is the only possible engine of evolution, it is the logic that starts the whole process. Its very content is developed by the method of dialectics.
Dialectical triad
According to Hegel, the development of individuals and history as a whole is not a chaotic and free process. Evolution proceeds according to a certain pattern, obeying the laws of reason. The concept of dialectics, of the struggle of opposites, is put forward as the basis for the development of the absolute idea. Hegel argued that such a struggle not only does not slow downtransformation process, but is the impulse itself.
The dialectical triad is divided into three parts: "thesis" - "antithesis" - "synthesis". By "thesis" is meant a certain concept. And indeed, since there is a concept, then there is also its opposite - "antithesis". Without evil there would be no good, without the poor there would be no rich. That is, we can say that along with the concept, its opposite also exists inextricably.
And as soon as the thesis comes into conflict with the antithesis - there is a synthesis. There is a union and elimination of opposites. The initial idea rises to a new level of evolution, development takes place. Not one bowl on the scales outweighs the other anymore, they become equal and complement each other. However, this brave new synthesis is also a thesis and has an antithesis. And this means that the struggle continues and the endless process of evolution is ensured.
Dialectical triad in the context of history
Hegel's dialectical triad in a sense makes it impossible to criticize history. After all, if we criticize some historical event, we keep in mind that it was or is an antithesis, an opposite. This means that it is not independent in itself, but is caused only by a specific thesis, concept. Hoping for criticism, we cast an angry glance over the thesis, but immediately remember that he once stood on the other side of the barricades.
But that doesn't mean we can't explore history and learn fromher. However, we cannot apply this knowledge in practice unchanged. They are a product of their time and cannot be true or not. That is why history does not tolerate the subjunctive mood. What happened historically did not just happen, but was caused by a chain of events. In the case of Hegel's philosophy - a triad.
Dialectical triad in everyday life
In everyday life we often encounter contradictions, but we do not always notice them. For example, the birth of a butterfly. Initially there is only a caterpillar, it can be considered as a thesis. After development and feeding, the larva turns into a cocoon. The cocoon is no longer a caterpillar, it contradicts it, which means it is an antithesis. Ultimately, synthesis sets in, and a butterfly is born from two contradictions - a new thesis. He, however, also carries contradictions within him - the laws of nature that contradict him and will not allow him to exist forever.
Or a closer example: a human. As soon as it is born, it personifies a new concept. A baby full of innocence and love for the world. Then, in adolescence, he is overcome by contradictions. There comes a disappointment in the former principles and their conflict with the opposite ones. And, finally, in adulthood, development passes into the stage of "synthesis", and a person absorbs the best of his own contradictions, forming a new concept.
These examples have been given for better understanding. Now let's return to the three main principles of Hegel's triad: logic, philosophy of nature and philosophyspirit.
Logic
Logic is used for rational knowledge of the world, knowledge through the mind. Hegel believed that a thread of divine logic was stretched through all existence. Everything in the world is subject to rational rules, and even development occurs according to a specific pattern. In this case, it is not surprising that logic is the only true method of knowing being in itself.
Logic, like everything in the teachings of Hegel, is divided into three parts:
- Being.
- Essence.
- Concept.
Being studies various concepts, qualitative and quantitative measurements. That is, everything that surrounds us on a verbal, superficial level. These are the properties of objects, their quantity and value, the advancement of concepts for them and the assignment of properties.
Entity explores phenomena. This is all that happens to objects and individuals. The results of interaction, in fact, form different phenomena. It also seems impossible to study generated phenomena without understanding the properties of the object. This means that in addition to phenomena, the principles of the existence of ideas are also studied.
The concept considers propositions, mechanisms, knowledge and the absolute idea. That is, any objective assessment is investigated in the context of mechanical reality. Any knowledge is considered primarily as a tool for the study of the Absolute idea. That is, if being and essence are studied by the objects themselves, then the concept involves consideration of the very environment of existence and the factors affecting it.
Philosophy of nature
Philosophy of nature considers various natural phenomena. We can say that this is the study of naturalistic nature and the nature of ideas and concepts. That is, the study of being outside of itself. It, of course, is also subject to the laws of logic, and its entire existence follows the path known to Hegel.
The philosophy of nature is divided by Hegel into three components:
- Mechanical phenomena.
- Chemical phenomena.
- Organic phenomena.
Mechanical phenomena consider only the mechanics of work, ignoring the internal properties. They are the first point of Hegel's triad in the context of the philosophy of nature. This means that they form contradictions. Mechanical phenomena influence each other, setting in motion the process of development. The Hegel mechanism considers the external relations of objects and concepts, their interaction in the external environment.
Chimism in Hegel is not the surface of bodies, but an internal change in essence, a complete transformation. Chemical phenomena occur inside the object, finally shaping it evolutionarily. That is, if mechanical phenomena occur in the external environment and affect only external mechanics, then chemical phenomena occur in the internal environment and are related only to the internal essence.
The organic world is the interaction and existence of individuals, each of which is an object consisting of particulars. So, each individual represents a small idea. The interaction, existence and life cycle of such ideas form the Absoluteidea. That is, if mechanical and chemical phenomena are features of a separate object (idea), then the organic world exists as the Absolute of these ideas, forming an integral essence from them. This clearly shows that individuality is only part of the mechanism of divine logic.
Philosophy of Spirit
The philosophy of spirit draws a parallel between its principles and the birth of a rational individual, assuming three stages of growing up. In fact, if logic is aimed at the study of being in itself, the philosophy of nature is aimed at studying being outside of itself, then the philosophy of spirit combines these two principles, studying being in and for itself.
The doctrine of the philosophy of the spirit is divided into three parts:
- Subjective spirit.
- Objective spirit.
- Absolute spirit.
The subjective spirit is compared by Hegel with the infancy of man. When a child is born, they are driven only by the initial instincts. So here, the individual is occupied only with matter and options for its use. Relationships between other people are perceived poorly and are often limited only to the satisfaction of needs. The gaze is turned only on oneself, giving rise to selfishness and opposition to other people as a superior personality.
At the stage of the objective spirit comes the acceptance of other people as equals. The individual limits his freedom to the freedom of another. This is how collective life appears, the freedom of which is always limited by the rights of everyone. Thus, according to Hegel, the idea of eternaljustice.
The absolute spirit is the unity of the subjective and the absolute. The individual limits his own freedom out of respect for the freedom of others, but at the same time his gaze is turned inward, to self-knowledge. The inner development comes precisely from the subjective spirit, from living for oneself, while the outer development comes from the objective spirit, from living for others.
