The whole culture of the people is displayed not only in pictures, songs, life of people, but also in value orientations. Those values on which the spiritual life of the people is based, each society tries to instill in future generations.
What are the principles of pedagogy?
Principles of education are the basis of the work of teachers. These are the rules on which people build children's trust in themselves and the learning process. The word "principle" (principium from Latin) means the beginning or foundation.
Even in the 19th century, the main fundamental principles of pedagogy became known - this is natural conformity, that is, the correspondence of the level of knowledge to the child's abilities, and cultural conformity - features of social time and place that affect the formation of the child's psyche. Consider when these ideas were born and how they developed.
Culture and personality education
Education is designed to forma versatile and socially successful person from a fully biological being that a person is born into. And the culture that surrounds the growing child, the characteristics of the ethnic group, religious beliefs and historical richness - all these factors affect the pupils of the schools.
The culture of the people literally builds the personality. And then the personality, finally formed, creates a new enlightenment. The problem is that the culture is very fluid.
Therefore, each generation is somewhat different from its predecessors in terms of scientific views, norms of behavior, vision of law, humanism, truth and the like. And training cannot run counter to the internal attitudes of the individual. Teaching should take into account all cultural achievements of the previous generations, and, of course, the cognitive interests of the current generation.
A. Disterweg. Heritage
Adolf Diesterweg defined the basic theory of education. In his understanding, the internal potential should be developed in the process of education through setting goals, firstly, and secondly - independence.
Disterweg was a liberal politician, an active member of German society and a great humanist of his time. He sought to give the foundations of education to all classes of society: regardless of the social and financial situation of the family, the child had the right to a decent education.
He aimed to educate not only educated, but also humane people who respect not only theirpeople, but also others. This German teacher for the first time spoke out against the fact that the schools of Germany were subordinate to the church. He did not want schoolchildren to be taught to treat other religions and nationalities with disdain from an early age. He taught to see the bright side in every ethnic group.
Disterweg created several schools in his country and in each of them children were taught primarily humanism, as the highest moral value of all peoples.
Guidelines
Such a discipline as cultural studies in today's pedagogical universities aims to bring to the student's consciousness the importance of the social morality surrounding the child, expressed in the daily communication of members of society. The future teacher must understand the importance of the interpenetration of culture and personality. After all, in fact, the culture of speech fully reflects the inner world of a person.
For the first time the principle of cultural conformity was introduced by the German educator A. F. Diesterweg. He also considered it necessary to strengthen the independent work of students, and believed that all education should be built on 3 fundamental principles:
Natural conformity - pedagogy should build a personality in accordance with the inner nature. That is, to develop those inclinations that already exist in a person
Culturally relevant - all social norms and cultural achievements must be taken into account in the planning of training programs. Social experience and the culture that has developed as a result of centuries of development - political, moral, family - all these normscrystallize in the mind of the child and form the basis of education
Independence in acquiring knowledge. This principle means that only by taking the initiative, the child will truly learn the subject
The task of the teacher Adolf Diesterweg considered to activate the internal cognitive interests of students. The environment, in his opinion, is a derivative in relation to human nature, his needs and character traits. And if the environment does not meet the expectations of the child, growing up, he opposes himself to society, because he cannot naturally fulfill himself in this culture.
Meaning of the principle of cultural conformity
"Teacher of teachers" (Disterweg) found that the state of culture - is the same significant phenomenon as the landscape or historical heritage. Since every nation is at a certain stage of evolutionary development, an individual who will be part of this nation must absorb cultural characteristics and become a full-fledged citizen of this society.
Humanistic values within the individual must be properly "nurtured". It is necessary that they serve as a compass for him to independently choose his future fate.
Without observing the principle of cultural conformity in education, the teacher will not be able to give students anything more than the basics of his subject. Older children will experience difficulties in integrating into society. Finding your "cell" in the social sea is vital for a teenager. A child aged 14–16 is verydependent on the opinions of peers, parents are no longer as important at this time as friends and communication with like-minded people.
Practical implementation
But putting this principle into practice is very difficult. There are a lot of isolated cultural groups in our time, and the norms of society are constantly undergoing changes. Youth subcultures are too diverse and many of them need adult control.
However, if the pupil has obvious talents in literature, for example, or in music, the task of the teacher is to support his interests in this direction, and not to be ashamed for not understanding other components of culture.
Culture of the urban and rural population differs significantly. In the city, with the development of Internet addiction and a lack of parental attention, schoolchildren often do not succumb to the influence of teachers. Therefore, even if the teacher wants to help develop the inclinations in the child, it is not always possible to "reach out" to the humane and creative side of his personality.
Modern views on the principles of education
However, the external culture of society (mass media, older friends) will still affect the child, and not always positively. Therefore, such a teacher as A. V. Madrid believes that in modern society the principle of cultural conformity is to help the child navigate the rapid changes that occur both within the individual with age and in society as a whole.
Modern society is too contradictory. But ateducation, many factors must be taken into account: the relationship of the age characteristics of the child with his type of personality, the noosphere, the rapid development of social processes. Such is the vision of the principles of natural and cultural conformity by many modern teachers. A teenager should feel that he is an active creator of the noosphere, and at the same time feel responsible to society and nature.
Modern pedagogy directs the consciousness of children to the understanding that a person is not only a citizen of the Earth, but also a citizen of the Universe, since space discoveries have greatly changed culture over the past hundred years.
The concepts of external and internal culture
Common human culture is diverse. And Diesterweg conditionally divided it into 2 parts: external and internal. What is external culture? This is the life where the baby grows from the first years of life, language, attitude to nature, public morality of his people, and other factors. The internal culture includes the personal spiritual ideas of the child.
This teacher was not convinced, like the Englishman Owen, that a person is not able to develop character in himself. On the contrary, A. F. Diesterweg insisted that the internal culture of a person be recognized by teachers. There is also the concept of social culture. This includes the mass culture of the entire society. Everything that the child absorbs (all patterns of behavior and communication in society) becomes part of his personal culture.
B. Sukhomlinsky and K. Ushinsky on issues of culture in pedagogy
In Soviet times, the issues of education and upbringing of children in a humane spirit were also relevant. Ukrainian teacher V. Sukhomlinsky advocated the comprehensive development of the child. Like F. Dostoevsky, Sukhomlinsky saw a person, his feelings and thoughts as the highest value. In his teaching activities, he used the experience of Pestalozzi, Diesterweg, and Leo Tolstoy. And just as they used the principle of natural and cultural conformity for education.
Vasily Sukhomlinsky considered the main task of a teacher to be the discovery for each student of the area where he can achieve the best results, that is, help in finding his nature and taking the first steps in choosing a profession.
Konstantin Ushinsky believed that the principle of cultural conformity in pedagogy is to educate children and adolescents in accordance with the ideal of the individual that society will need in the future.
