Modern living conditions dictate the need for the rapid development of the global transport system. The economy and social sphere of any state directly depends on the rational organization of transport systems, including both passenger and cargo transportation.
It is also necessary to note the personal dependence of each person on transport. The transport system, one way or another, is involved in our daily activities. The degree of its well-established nature (good roads, absence of traffic jams, accident-free traffic) determines not only the mood of the population and the efficiency of labor activity, but sometimes he alth and even human life.
Terminology
The transport system is an interconnected association of vehicles, equipment, components of the transport infrastructure and transportation entities (including controls), as well as workers employed in this industry. The goal of any transport system is to organize and implement the efficient transportation of both goods andpassengers.
The components of the transport system are the transport network, complex, products, infrastructure, rolling stock and other technical facilities associated with the production, repair and operation of vehicles, as well as various methods and systems for organizing the transportation process. In addition, the system includes organizations and enterprises that are engaged in activities aimed at improving and developing the transport system: industrial engineering, construction, fuel and energy systems, scientific and educational centers.
Infrastructure is a complex of material components of the transport system, fixed in space, which form a transport network.
Such a network is called a set of connections (sections of highways and railways, pipelines, waterways, etc.) and nodes (road junctions, terminals) that are used in the implementation of transportation. The movement of vehicles on networks causes the formation of traffic flows.
When designing networks, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the vehicles for which the infrastructure is being created, since its geometric and technical parameters depend on the dimensions, weight, power and some other parameters of the vehicle for which the developed network is intended.
Ensuring the throughput of the transport infrastructure that meets the requirements of the passenger and cargo flows passing through them is an important task in the activityspecialists of the transport complex.
Control Features
Let's consider these systems as a control object. Control of transport systems is a complex that includes two subsystems: traffic management and vehicle management.
The traffic management system carries out activities to regulate traffic through light signals (traffic lights), road markings and signs in accordance with the system of rules adopted at the state or international level.
The transport management system is technology specific to the vehicle and is usually a component of the infrastructure. The driver who directly performs the target tasks is considered the subject of this system. Dispatchers can also be attributed to the subjects of the vehicle operation control system (for example, in passenger air or rail transportation).
Participation of a person in the process of managing the transport system allows us to define it as an organizational, or man-machine, system, and in addition, it necessitates taking into account the human factor. The active component of the transport system is a set of people who have the ability to adapt to rapidly changing conditions, whose behavior is aimed at achieving their own goals. The presence of the human factor as an active element of the system is the reason for the formation of stable (stationary) modes of operation of transportsystems, since any external impact on an individual object is compensated by the decision of the active subject (in particular, the driver).
Tasks of the transport system
The main tasks include ensuring the mobility of the population, as well as meeting the economic requirements for transportation processes, which consist in the most efficient movement of goods. Therefore, determining the efficiency of the transport system is the establishment of a balance between diametrically opposed points: the needs of society and the receipt of economic benefits. An obvious example of the contradictions between the requirements of society and the economy is the public transport system: the passenger wants to save time and reach his destination in comfort, so from his point of view there should be as many vehicles on the route as possible, and they should travel as often as possible.
However, it is more profitable for the carrier to completely fill as few vehicles as possible in order to maximize income, and the convenience and waiting time of the passenger fade into the background. In this case, a compromise is needed - the establishment of a not too long interval of movement, as well as ensuring at least minimal comfort for passengers. It follows that for the effective organization and development of the transport system, one should study not only the theory of transport systems and technical sciences, but also economics, geography, sociology, psychology and urban planning sciences.
Global transportsystem
Transport infrastructures of all countries of the world are united at a higher level into a global system. The global transport network is distributed quite unevenly across continents and states. Thus, the transport system of Europe (in particular, Western), as well as North America, is the most dense. The poorest countries in Africa and Asia have the least developed transport network. The structure of the global transport system is dominated by road transport (86%).
The total length of the global transport network, which includes all types of transport (except maritime), exceeds 31 million km, of which land routes (excluding air lines) account for approximately 25 million km.
Rail transport
The length of the global railway network is approximately 1.2 million km. The length of Russian railway lines is only about 7% of this number, but they account for 35% of the world's freight traffic and about 18% of passenger traffic.
Obviously, for many countries (including European ones) with a developed transport system, rail transport is the leading one in terms of cargo transportation. Ukraine ranks first in the use of rail transport, where 75% of freight turnover is carried out by rail.
Automotive
Motor transport is used for 85% of the total volume of cargo transportation in Russia, as well asmore than 50% of domestic passenger traffic. Road transport appears to be the main component of the transport system of many European countries.
The development of road transport depends on three key factors: population growth, intensive urbanization and an increase in the number of individual passenger cars. The researchers note the most likely occurrence of problems with the provision of transport infrastructure capacity in those countries and regions where intensive growth rates of all three of these criteria are observed.
Pipeline
The dependence of the modern economy on oil and gas production causes the rapid development of the pipeline system around the world. Thus, the length of the Russian pipeline system is 65,000 km, and in the United States - more than 340,000 km.
Air
The vast territory of Russia, as well as the low level of development of transport networks in some areas in the east and north of the country, contribute to the development of the air transport system. The length of the air lines of the Russian Federation is about 800 thousand kilometers, of which 200 thousand km are international routes. Moscow is considered the largest Russian air hub. It sends over fifteen million passengers every year.
Transport system of Russia
The transport network is an inseparable part of the economy of the Russian Federation. The modern transport system of the Russian Federation includes road, rail, air, river,maritime and pipeline transport networks. The transport complex also includes types of industrial and urban passenger transport.
The communications listed above link together all regions of the country, forming a single transport system, which is an important condition for ensuring the territorial integrity of the state and the unity of its economic space. In addition, the state infrastructure is part of the global transport system, being a means of integrating Russia into the global economic space.
Due to its favorable geographical location, Russia receives significant income from the provision of transport services, in particular the implementation of transit cargo transportation through its communications. The share of various elements and characteristics of the transport complex in such aggregate economic indicators as the main state production assets (about one third), gross domestic product (about 8%), investments received for the development of industries (more than 20%) and others, reflects the importance and the relevance of the development of the transport system in Russia.
What is the most popular mode of transport? In the transport system of the Russian Federation, cars are such. The car park of our country consists of more than 32 million cars and 5 million trucks, as well as approximately 900 thousand buses.
Prerequisites for the formation of the transport system
The development of transport networks (water, land or air) depends on the followingfactors:
- climate features;
- geographic location;
- number and standard of living of the population in the region;
- intensity of turnover;
- population mobility;
- existence of natural routes of communication (for example, a river network) and others.
The formation of a unified transport system in Russia is based on several prerequisites, the main of which are:
- large area;
- high population (large population);
- unequal demographic levels in the federal districts;
- intensity of industrial development by industry;
- unequal distribution of deposits of raw materials and energy resources;
- geographic location of production centers;
- number of gross output in the state;
- historically established system of communications.
Transport companies of Russia
As mentioned above, organizations whose activities are related to the production of transport or the provision of transport services are also part of the transport system. Consider what exactly such companies can do using the example of two organizations.
Transport Systems LLC is a limited liability company registered in Moscow that organizes cargo transportation by almost any type of transport: land, including rail, sea, air and even space. In addition, LLC "Transport Systems" is additionally engaged in the rental of carscars and other transport, equipment, postal and courier services, handling and storage of goods. As you can see, the range of activities of the company is very wide.
Since 2015, the RT Transport Systems organization has been creating, putting into operation and maintaining a system for collecting fees for damage caused to federal roads by freight vehicles weighing more than 12 tons. The creation of a fee collection system consists in the formation of a set of organizational measures, software and hardware, in particular video recording and video surveillance, as well as satellite positioning devices, the principle of operation of which is based on the use of GLONASS or GPS sensors. The Platon system will allow collecting fees by identifying the car and processing information about it, as well as calculating the distance traveled using GPS / GLONASS systems, debiting funds from the account indicated by the owner of the vehicle.
