After the collapse of the Soviet Union in many cities, the demographic situation has deteriorated significantly. Even where there was a stable growth before, the dynamics became negative. Only after some time, the indicators in some regions changed to positive ones. Of course, this was influenced by the improvement of the economic situation, and the gradual stabilization of the situation in the country as a whole. But an increase in the number of inhabitants often provided not a decrease in mortality and an increase in the birth rate, but an increase in migration. The concept means the difference between those who came to a given territory and those who left it within a certain period of time. This article will talk about what migration population growth is and what causes it.
General definition of migration
The very concept of "migration" can be deciphered as a change of residence or relocation. This definition is one of the key in demographicprocesses, because the life of the state directly depends on this action. It affects the population of the country and, accordingly, the economic situation.
What is migration growth? The concept is indicated in demography as the difference between those who arrived in any territory for permanent residence and those who left it forever.
Migration processes are divided according to several classification criteria:
- by size;
- in form;
- for a reason;
- by nature;
- by time;
- by legal status.
Episodic migrations
There are four main types of spatial movement of the population, which determine the migration gain.
Periodically affect the number of inhabitants episodic migration. Thanks to them, at one moment the number of inhabitants in the village can become many times larger. These are, as a rule, trips related to leisure and tourism, business and others. They have no time frame or set direction. The persons involved in this type of spatial movement can be quite different. If these are business trips, then, of course, able-bodied citizens travel. But when it comes to recreation, the contingent becomes larger.
Since the episodic migration increase is weakly amenable to any explanation and is only temporary, it is practically not subjected to study. Although this is despite the fact that this type of spatial movement is the mostscale, especially in tourism.
Pendulum migrations
This type of movement is determined by the need of the population for constant travel. Participants of pendulum migrations are residents of both urban and rural areas. Most often, this type of migration refers to daily trips to work or study. It is most pronounced where there is any possessive center. According to experts, in the near future such movement will exceed irrevocable resettlement. It is easier for people to travel daily to their destination by transport than to buy permanent housing.
Pulling migrations contribute to changing the structure of labor resources. Thanks to this, vacancies are filled by people living in settlements where there are no working opportunities.
This type of population movement has practically no effect on migration growth, except that in the process a person decides to change his place of residence.
Seasonal migrations
This category includes people who for some reason were forced to leave their permanent place of residence for an indefinite period. Thanks to this type of movement, the shortage of labor is replenished, the needs of production are satisfied. The reason for this process is the uneven distribution of the economic level in the regions. The latter is due to the fact that certain industries bring more income. That is, in such places there is always a need for workers. If local resources cannot fill it,then additional ones from other regions are attracted.
Most often, this movement is caused by seasonal industries. These are agriculture (mainly sowing and harvesting), logging and coastal fishing.
Irrevocable migration
Most of all, the amount of migration growth depends on this type of population movement. Researchers define it as an irrevocable displacement, that is, a complete change in place of residence. In order to characterize a process as a permanent migration, two things must be true:
- the first is a change of residence to another settlement, which immediately cuts off travel within the city or village;
- the second is irrevocable, which is the main condition, excluding temporary or short-term trips.
Types of indicators
There are several indicators that characterize demographic processes, in particular the overall migration growth. For the analysis of statistical data, the concept of “balance of migration” is often used. This is the absolute value. It is affected by the population in a certain territory.
Several coefficients are needed for the calculations. These include:
- P - the number of arrivals in the region.
- B is the number of those who left the region.
- MS - migration net or balance.
The amount of migration population growth is calculated very simply. It is equal to the difference between visitors and those who left this territory. Thatis in the form of a formula, this can be represented as MS \u003d P-V. This indicator can be both positive and negative. If the number is less than zero, then we are talking about the concept of "migration loss". A positive value is required for the opposite result.
The second way is also possible. If the general and natural increase is known, then by subtracting the second from the first, the required value can be obtained. It will be a mechanical increase in population.
Relative values for certain population groups are also calculated. For example, this is the number of visitors per a certain number of local residents (most often per thousand). In the form of a formula, this looks like Kpr \u003d (P / N)1000. Krp is the arrival rate.
To improve accuracy in statistics, it is better to calculate averages over several years. This data is needed to analyze the current situation, determine immigration policy and manage the workforce.
