Religious disputes have always existed and will continue to exist for a long time to come. Atheists give a huge number of arguments against the existence of divine forces, believers find arguments in their defense. Since neither side can prove either its own right or the other side's wrong, these discussions cannot lead to any specific result, but they give rise to a considerable number of philosophical ideas, sometimes very peculiar and interesting.
The evolution of religious beliefs
Difficulty in religious disputes is largely due to the fact that over time, religion adjusted to the development of science so that the existence of higher powers could not be refuted by currently available methods. At first, for example, God was perceived as a more real character, figuratively speaking, sitting on a cloud and looking at the world he created, but scientific advances increasingly called this into question.
It turned out that there is more than one planet, there are others that are not inhabited by anyone and it is not clear why the creator needed them. The sun turned out to be not a magical gift of the gods, but quite a specific star. Flights into space did not find anything,confirming the existence of higher powers. A lot of what was considered miracles and divine providence was explained by scientific facts. And God has become an increasingly spiritual concept, because it is much more difficult to prove the absence of something intangible and invisible.
Bertrand Russell: Reflections on Religion
What do philosophers offer? "Russell's teapot" is an analogy criticizing religion given by British mathematician and philosopher Bertrand Russell. It refutes the idea that doubters must prove the falsity of religious judgments, and unbelievers - their correctness.
This teapot by Russell is supposed to be orbiting the Earth, but it is so small that it is impossible to see it either with a simple glance or with the most advanced astronomical instruments. Bertrand Russell writes that, if he added to these words that since the presence of a teapot cannot be refuted, then no one has the right to doubt its existence, and such a statement would look crazy. However, if the reality of the teapot were confirmed by ancient books, children would be told about its authenticity from the school bench, regularly preached. Not believing in him would seem strange, and non-believers would become patients of psychiatrists or victims of the Inquisition.
Bertrand Russell: philosophy of analogy
The main point of Russell's words is that not all arguments are credible, and it is foolish to blindly believe in everything.
A huge body of scientific knowledge is taken on faith. It just says that itjust like that, and people agree and remember it. No one proves hundreds of thousands of rules, theorems and theories. This is not necessary - they have been convincingly proven earlier. If desired, they can be proved again, but there is no point in doing this when there is still a lot of unknown and undiscovered in science.
But the existence of God has never been unambiguously proven by anyone, which is emphasized by Bertrand Russell. Books, more precisely, different attitudes of different people to sacred books, only add to the complexity. If atheists and critics of Christianity in general perceive them rather as a collection of legends and traditions, having a certain historical and cultural value, but in many ways embellished and far from the truth, then for believers this is an absolutely reliable document that they do not question.
Prove the unprovable
What Bertrand Russell says applies to more than just religion. We can talk about any beliefs that cannot be refuted experimentally. And not only about the beliefs of a he althy person, but also about obvious madness. At first glance, it is not so difficult to draw a line between an adequate person and a psychiatrist's patient. But not always the delirium of an inflamed consciousness can be refuted by a clear scientific experiment. And if it's impossible to disprove, does that mean the claim that he's insane isn't true? No, because it is obvious to others that he is not normal. That is, in fact, one has to neglect anyevidence.
Analogy or psychological trick?
Like many supporters of atheism, Bertrand Russell did not escape criticism from believers. Thinking about this man's religion, and in particular the teapot analogy, is nothing but a psychological trick. In their opinion, if this ideal porcelain teapot, which cannot fly in space in any way, is replaced by a real cosmic body - an asteroid, then his statements cease to be absurd.
In fact, there are no grounds for believing in "Russell's teapot" other than the author's statement. While religion was not invented to counter atheists, believers recognize God as existing. Each of them has its own reasoning for this, it can vary greatly. But their faith is not based on a single bare statement.
Can everything be proven?
The meaning of what Bertrand Russell says about religion boils down to this: if something cannot be reached logically or demonstrated, then it does not exist and has no right to exist. However, there are examples in history when some discoveries were made speculatively. For example, Democritus pointed to the existence of atoms, although at that time this statement sounded rather wild, and there was no question of evidence. Therefore, it is impossible to exclude the possibility that some of the statements made by people now may later be confirmed from a scientific point of view.
In fact, criticism of religion implies two options - God exists or he does not. And once itexistence cannot be proven, therefore it does not exist. At the same time, the third option “we do not know” remains forgotten. In religion, one cannot really find 100% guarantees for the existence of higher powers. But there is faith in them. And "we don't know" from science is enough to let people believe.
Opinions against
Comparing "Russell's teapot" and God may be silly for some. It is often added to Russell's statement that the teapot must be endowed with absolute properties, but then the analogy looks completely ridiculous. A specific kettle familiar to everyone has a shape that makes it clear that it is he, and not a plate or a sugar bowl - it has certain dimensions, weight, is not made from all materials, etc. But if you endow this type of dish with immortality, omnipotence, invisibility, eternity and other absolute properties, then it will cease to be a teapot, because it will lose all the attributes that make it.
With your charter in a strange monastery
If we consider the phrase that the judgment cannot be refuted in any way, then there is also a contradiction. God is a concept of an ideal spiritual world that does not fit into our material world. But the teapot is a completely tangible object that obeys the laws of physics and all other scientific laws that exist on our planet. And knowing these rules, it is safe to say that the teapot has absolutely nowhere to come from in near-Earth orbit. But the laws governing the spiritual world are not known to mankind for certain, and it approaches this world with human laws, which gives rise tomisunderstanding and mistakes.
God can be the cause of our universe: throughout history, he fills the gaps in the chain of cause and effect. It plays an important role in the worldview of people. But faith in the teapot is redundant, because there is no moral or material benefit from it.
Modern variations on Russell's analogy
"Russell's Teapot" has formed the basis of some of today's humorous religious teachings. Among them, the Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Invisible Pink Unicorn are the most famous.
Both of these pseudo-religions reduce faith in the supernatural to absurdity and try to prove its conventionality, i.e. the fact that you can come up with any divine image for yourself and call it the only true one, without citing any evidence that you are right. After all, how can you prove that a unicorn is really pink if it is invisible?
