Economic analysis is carried out by each enterprise. This is a necessary procedure that allows you to determine the effectiveness of the organization of core activities. On the basis of the conducted research, it is possible to identify weaknesses, to determine the most profitable ways for the development of the organization. To understand the principle of such work, it is necessary to consider the example of the economic analysis of the enterprise. The main techniques will be presented below.
Features of the analysis
The economic security of an enterprise largely depends on the speed of the managers' reaction to the constantly changing conditions of the external and internal environment. To do this, a large number of different assessments are carried out, which allows you to look at the situation that has developed at the enterprise from the outside.
To choosea set of methods for analysis, determine the goals and objectives of its implementation. This allows you to optimize the cost of research. Goals are chosen in accordance with the current situation in the enterprise. Upon reaching them, the company must maximize the efficiency of its activities.
Based on the analysis, the company plans its activities, creates a strategy for the long term. To track changes that have occurred in the past, compare data for at least the last three periods. This allows you to track economic indicators in dynamics.
Peculiarities of presenting information
Users of the information obtained during the analysis of the economic efficiency of the enterprise are both managers, managers of the organization, and third-party investors, creditors, shareholders. Potential investors must ask independent auditors for a study of the economic and financial performance of the company. No lender will lend their temporarily free funds to a company that does not perform well enough.
Information must be presented in a form accessible to the user. Based on the data obtained, a decision is made on the expediency of expanding production activities. Investors choose the most attractive projects.
Calculation methods
There are different methods of economic analysis of the enterprise. They are divided into general and specific. The first category includes the following approaches:
- comparison;
- observation;
- abstraction;
- detail;
- simulation;
- experiment.
Specific methods are formed in the context of specific sciences. They allow you to refine general techniques.
One of the most common techniques that analysts use in their work is comparison. This is the earliest research method. For this phenomenon, they correlate, and then carry out data synthesis. Phenomena are distinguished by common, different. You can compare indicators in economic analysis with the plan, with indicators of the previous period, with average data.
In order to perform such an analysis, the indicators must be comparable. The analysis of dynamic and parallel series can be informative. This allows you to study the structure of processes, phenomena, trends. Comparisons can also be vertical. In some cases, analysts may be interested in multivariate comparisons. In this case, a wide range of coefficients for several objects is compared at once. This allows you to perform a comprehensive assessment by comparing the coefficients with competitive indicators.
Comparison achieves different results:
- execution of the business plan in the current and planned period;
- find ways to save resources;
- making optimal decisions in existing conditions;
- risk assessments.
When studying the basics of economic analysis of an enterprise, the comparison method should be considered first.
Averages
To assess the economic development of an enterprise, the method of averages is used. This allows you to summarize the data, homogeneous indicators, move from considering single data to the general one. This helps identify patterns.
Without the use of averages, it is impossible to compare data in the course of studying a particular trait. This approach makes it possible to compare indicators that differ over time.
Averages allow you to abstract from the random result, individual fluctuations and values. In this case, average data can be presented in the following forms:
- arithmetic mean;
- fashion;
- chronological moment series;
- weighted harmonic mean;
- median.
The choice depends on the specific goals of the analysis and the characteristics of the sample. This allows you to identify general trends, patterns.
Group method
The economic security of an enterprise depends on the correctness of the actions of the relevant services of the organization. To obtain reliable information about the state of the company, the grouping method can be used during the study. This allows you to systematize the data, determine the characteristic relationships, typical processes. In this case, random deviations are leveled.
Groups can be:
- Structural. They are used to analyze the internal structure of indicators, for example, in the course of studying the payroll by profession.
- Typological. This isallows you to group, for example, homogeneous enterprises by type of ownership.
- Analytical. They are used to study the relationship between effective and factor indicators. This, for example, may be the relationship between the amount of a bank loan and the amount of interest.
Among the approaches used to organize data, groupings are the main technique. This allows you to identify the relationship between autonomous phenomena, the structure, as well as the dynamics of the development of the studied indicators.
In the course of applying the presented methodology, not only phenomena are classified, but also the causes that cause them. In this case, it is necessary to combine homogeneous phenomena. They must be identical in social or economic nature. Considering the economic analysis of the enterprise on an example, you should pay attention to the sequence of actions in the course of applying this technique:
- Objects or phenomena are subject to classification on a defining basis.
- Production values are determined.
- The result is presented in the form of a table.
- The influence of each feature on the result is determined.
A set of objects of the same type is used for analysis. In some cases, a typological sample is made. A grouping that is justified from an economic point of view makes it possible to identify the relationship between individual coefficients and indicators. As a result, analytical data is systematized.
Those or other phenomena are studied in conjunction, which makes it possible to determine the degree of influence of factors on the overall result.
Balance method
Considering the economic analysis of the enterprise on an example, it is worth paying attention to one more approach. The traditional method is the balance method. For this, the structure of the property of the enterprise and the resources at the expense of which it was acquired is analyzed. It is also used to determine the influence of related factors on the result.
Also, the balance method is used in the study of the provision of the organization with materials, labor and financial resources. On its basis, a study of the effectiveness of their application is carried out. This compares indicators such as, for example, means of payment and obligations, as well as the correspondence of these values. This method is used to check the correctness of the calculations. If the balance is not respected, there are deviations, then it is drawn up incorrectly.
Graphic method
When submitting information to management personnel, as well as other users, a graphical method is used. It is widely used in the research of various industrial processes.
So, for example, to study the efficiency of equipment, graphs are built, including those based on multiple factors. This allows you to visually demonstrate the operation of the units for a certain time.
When installing and building industrial or other enterprises, network diagrams give a high economic effect. They are used in mathematicsanalysis, in the process of planning the activities of the organization.
Analysis of production structure
Analysis of the economic efficiency of an enterprise is multifaceted. Usually it begins with a study of the organizational structure of the enterprise. To understand how such an analysis is carried out, you need to consider it with an example.
Thus, the organizational structure of the enterprise is linear-functional. The company is headed by a CEO. He is appointed by the meeting of shareholders. The General Director carries out his activities on the basis of the contract and the Charter of the joint-stock company. He manages the current activities of the organization, issues orders, gives recommendations and instructions. The General Director determines the structure of the administrative apparatus, the number of heads of departments. He hires all the workers and opens accounts.
The financial, executive director, security service, and deputy general director for public relations report directly to the CEO.
The Deputy General Director reports to the personnel management service, the information support service, the departments of office work, corporate governance.
The financial director manages the economic planning, finance and accounting departments.
The chief engineer service, the head of production is subordinate to the executive director (the production and dispatch department, production workshops are subordinate to him). He also reports to the quality director and the service of the same name.
In progressanalysis of the economic performance of the enterprise, it was revealed that the links between the departments were not established correctly. They need to be reviewed to ensure that the services work properly. It is also necessary to reconsider the distribution of responsibility between managers. Information flows need to be organized in accordance with the needs of the enterprise. To do this, you need to choose the appropriate technical means.
Product Analysis
Economic management of an enterprise involves the implementation of research in the field of manufacturing products. Consider an example. The enterprise under study is engaged in the production of engines, instruments, and other machines that are sold in bulk. The main product groups are shown in the table below.
| Name | Cost of products, million rubles | Fulfillment of the plan, % | Products included in the plan, million rubles | |
| Plan | Fact | |||
| Motors | 12696 | 13360 | 106, 8 | 12696 |
| Reducers | 6590 | 6270 | 95, 3 | 6270 |
| Pumps | 11770 | 11965 | 102, 9 | 11770 |
| Insulation | 7120 | 7210 | 102, 4 | 7120 |
| Profile products | 10240 | 9878 | 97, 03 | 9878 |
| Total | 48416 | 48683 | 100, 9 | 47734 |
To determine the fulfillment of the plan for the product range, a simple calculation is applied:
Pa=Pf / Pp100, where Pa is the fulfillment of the plan in the current period for the range of products, Pf is the actual cost of manufactured products, which does not exceed the planned output, Pp is the planned output.
During the analysis and evaluation of the economic activity of the enterprise, a simple calculation is performed:
Pa=47734 / 48416100=98.6%.
Thus, the company did not fulfill the assortment plan by 1.4%.
Other important indicators
Analysis of the economic potential of an enterprise is carried out using a study of the profitability and profitability of the organization.
But there are other generalizing indicators. With their help, consider the effectiveness of the functioning of individual aspects of the company. These indicators include:
- Efficiency in the use of organization resources. This group of coefficients is also called profitability. The company should receive more profit than it spent on the production of resource products.
- Correct use of labor resources. For this, the profitability of personnel, the productivity of their work is calculated.
- Efficiency of fixed production assets. This category of indicators includes capital productivity, capital intensity.
- The quality of distribution of material resources during the production cycle. These indicators include material consumption, material efficiency, as well as material costs per ruble of profit, etc.
- Efficiency of the company's activities in the investment field. The payback period of capital investments is calculated, as well as profit per ruble of financial resources.
- The quality of the organization of the use of company assets. The analysis of the composition and structure of the working capital of the enterprise, turnover and profit per unit of the organization's assets is carried out.
- Efficiency in the use of capital. To do this, net profit is divided by each share, and dividends per share are determined, etc.
Actual figures are compared with planned values, as well as historical data. Data from other enterprises can also be taken as a basis for comparison. So, conducting an economic analysis of an enterprise using an example, labor productivity can be determined as follows.
| Indicator | Reference period | Current period | Deviation |
| Proceeds from sales, million rubles | 1883, 4 | 1290, 74 | -592, 66 |
| Number of employees, people | 1639 | 1590 | -49 |
| Labor productivity, million rubles/person | 1, 15 | 0, 81 | -0, 34 |
It is worth noting that the number of employees of the company decreased in the reporting period. This had a negative impact on profit and productivity. Therefore, we can conclude that the personnel policy of the organization was not built efficiently enough.
