To regulate the quality of the entire environment, there is only one way - the introduction of MPE (maximum allowable emission) for pollution sources and strict control over the implementation of these standards. According to the MPE scientific and technical standard, conditions are established under which the content of pollutants in the surface air layer from a combination of sources should not exceed the quality standards that are needed for the population, as well as the flora and fauna of the area.
Setting MPE and control
Specifically, for each source that can pollute the atmosphere, the maximum allowable emission is set. The condition is such that the emission of a pollutant, taking into account dispersion and interactions with other components, does not create concentrations that affect air quality and exceed the established norm. This also applies to individualenterprises, and the totality of sources polluting the air of the settlement. In addition, all prospects for the development of enterprises are necessarily taken into account.
The regulatory framework of Russia is ramified to ensure state control over all pollution, assess the quality of atmospheric air and manage its purification processes by setting the MPE standard. What are the maximum allowable emissions? We talk about this in the article.
Documents
harmful indicator. There is also a prohibition section for the release of substances "B" due to their extreme biological activity. There are thirty-eight such prohibited substances.
At elevated temperatures, the maximum allowable emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere from a single source, provided by the concentration in the surface air, but which does not exceed the MPC, is calculated using special formulas. Regulates the quality of the environment and is under the control of MPE, which is a technical norm that is scientifically substantiated. Maximum allowable emissions (MAE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere from industrial sources are determined on the basis of establishing and studying their various parameters, as well as the properties of harmful substances that are emitted into the atmosphere,and atmospheric conditions of the moment.
Calculation of allowable concentrations
In order to carry out preventive sanitary supervision and make timely reasonable requirements for all recreational activities, in order to accurately determine the maximum allowable emissions (MPE) related to industrial enterprises, special data for calculating the concentrations of foreign substances in the atmosphere are used.
A normative value has been established to ensure the protection of the air environment from environmentally harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere - this is the maximum allowable emission: the volume of a pollutant per unit of time (of each individual source of pollution). Exceeding this normative value is the excess of MPC in the environment that surrounds the source of pollution, which leads to the most adverse consequences for both the surrounding area and the he alth of the population living there.
Legislation
The volume "Protection of the Atmosphere" documents the results of the work carried out by the head departmental organizations, and proposals are also made there on what should be the maximum allowable emission of pollutants into the atmosphere (MAE), as well as TSV - a temporarily agreed emission - for the enterprise. The Temporary Method of Rationing contains the structure of this volume.
All industrialized countries have environmental laws aimed at limiting atmospheric and environmental pollution. Russia adopted the Law "On the Protection ofatmospheric air", which presents the standard indicators of MPE, MPC and VVV (temporarily agreed) of harmful substances. The development of action plans protecting the air basin is based on the results of measurements.
Then the latter are reflected in the statistical reporting (form No. 2-tp - air), used in the calculation of standards, which displays the maximum allowable emission of harmful substances. This is an integral part of ensuring the operation of production and guarantees the objectivity of fiscal sanctions - payments for emissions. In addition, sufficient and rational investment costs are needed to comply with environmental requirements in the future, taking into account the social and financial goals of production.
Active measures to protect the cleanliness of the atmosphere
For each operating enterprise, a project of maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere is being developed. This necessitates measures that guarantee the disposal of oil waste, environmental certification of enterprises, as well as comprehensive geoecological studies of the territory of oil production and all areas affected by oil production enterprises.
When new enterprises are being designed and existing enterprises are being reconstructed, a project of maximum permissible emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is developed for each of them. The concept of MPC in these norms is expressed in average annual permissible concentrations (MAC),which allow justifying the volumes of maximum allowable releases of radioactive isotopes, for example, into the environment.
MPC in soils
Maximum allowable emissions of pollutants in soils are very difficult to establish. The soil cover environment is less mobile than surface waters and the atmosphere, so the accumulation of chemical compounds entering the soil takes a long time.
For this reason, the main factor determining the ELV for an enterprise or group of enterprises concerns the operating time required to accumulate emissions to the level of the MAC. However, the soil is constantly in an active microbiological process, there are physical and chemical processes that transform foreign substances entering the soil, and the depth and direction here are not uniquely determined.
Different approach
As for the draft maximum allowable emissions (MAE), it can only control organized emissions of harmful substances, and it is drawn up in such a way as to correspond to the given area. The division of emissions into organized and unorganized requires a different approach to accounting and control.
For example, the introduced new gas heating systems and even the replacement of existing systems operating on hot water or steam are also environmentally unsafe. Burning natural gas produces nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Even the combustion of gaseous fuels has emission limits everywhere.
And, for example, onchemical enterprises often fail to comply with the concentration of harmful substances emitted. Then, a stage-by-stage reduction of emissions is introduced, at each, temporarily agreed upon (TSV) are necessarily established. The number of these emissions should correspond to the standard indicators adopted for enterprises with similar capacities.
Control results appear in every quarterly and annual report. Who sets the maximum allowable emissions? There is such an organization - the State Hydrometeorological Committee, which draws up all the schedules for the content of harmful substances in emissions from enterprises.
On guard of people's he alth
Normal sanitary and hygienic conditions in production premises and throughout the enterprise, as well as in settlements, allow the content of harmful substances, which does not exceed the maximum permissible emissions. For unconditional compliance with the MPC, a project is being made of maximum permissible emissions for each enterprise and each substance.
state bodies. The permit takes into account all MPE and MPD standards (emissions and discharges), as well as many other conditions for respect for the environment and he althhuman.
Project conditions
Any enterprise that has even a single source of harmful emissions must have draft MPE standards. If a small factory has at least one faintly smoking chimney, this document is required for the functioning of the factory. The environmental legislation of the Russian Federation regulates the need to develop such a project.
The Emission Limit is reviewed once every 5 years, and the project is strictly valid during this time. Special conditions may dictate an earlier revision of ELVs. For example:
- ecological situation in the territory has changed;
- the number of emission sources has changed: new ones have appeared or existing ones have been removed;
- the production program of the enterprise has changed and the technologies used have changed.
If the established standards are not met, the company will have to pay for everything that exceeds the maximum allowable emissions. The development of the MPE project, this complex and responsible task, is always carried out by professionals.
Development of MPE
The fundamental points are as follows:
- All sources of harmful emissions present in the facility are subject to inventory. Lists of all sources and pollutants emitted by them are compiled.
- The cost and timing of the work is being agreed. An agreement is being drawn up regarding the development and approval of MPE.
- The MPE project is being approved by government authorities.
- Obtaining a permit for an enterprise for maximum permissible emissions into the atmosphere.
The event is not only difficult, but also very responsible. In case of non-fulfillment or incorrect fulfillment of the development of the MPE volume, the enterprise falls under strict administrative responsibility: it faces high fines and even suspension of work for up to ninety days.
Inventory of emission sources (the first fundamental point) has the following objectives:
- identification and reliable accounting of all sources of environmental pollution in the area of the enterprise location;
- locating sources, volumes and composition of emissions;
- accounting for the release of harmful (polluting) substances into the environment.
Content of the MPE project
Recommendations on drafting MPE standards for enterprises determine the structure of the project. The following sections must be included here.
- Summary.
- Introduction.
- Information about this company.
- Characterization of this enterprise in terms of the source of the atmosphere.
- Calculation and determination of basic MPE standards.
- List of measures to control emissions if weather conditions are unfavorable.
- Establish control over the implementation of all standards at the enterprise.
Necessary documentation for the development of the MPE project:
- Brief information aboutproduction, structure and states of the enterprise, describes the purpose and characteristics of all objects (both production and commercial divisions, workshops, sites, teams, departments, offices, structures, buildings, and so on).
- Detailed details of the enterprise. Scheme-map of the enterprise, as well as situational scheme-map of the location.
- Certificate of state registration of a legal entity.
- Evidence of ownership of land, premises, buildings, structures or a lease agreement for all this.
- Expense certificate of raw materials and materials for the year.
- List of process equipment.
- Detailed description of the entire process.
- Information about the availability of CCGT (dust and gas cleaning equipment), a copy of the passport for the CCGT, its performance, and so on.
- Scheme of the ventilation and air conditioning system with accurate data on the diameters and heights of pipes, brands of fans and their performance, the number of hours of their operation per day and so on.
- Certificate regarding the vehicles on the balance of this enterprise, indicating the number, brand, as well as places of their parking or storage, places of their maintenance and repair.
- Qualification certificates of environmental education responsible for the environment of the enterprise.
- Previous Emissions Project (unless newly established).
Calculation of MPE standards
There are generally accepted formulas for calculating MPE. To understand how standards are setMPE, you need to know the main factors that characterize the dispersion of emissions:
- climate and atmospheric features;
- location of sources of polluting emissions;
- landscape and its features;
- physical and chemical characteristics of emissions;
- pipe mouth diameter;
- distance of pipe mouths from the ground.
Regulatory Control
Monitoring compliance by this enterprise with all MPE standards is one of the most important sections of the project. This section can be divided into two parts: direct control of pollution sources according to MPE standards and control of the border with a nearby residential area.
The MPE standards are drafted by highly qualified specialists with experience in enterprises of various profiles, who will take into account all the established regulations and draw up all sections of the project correctly.
Thus, the control of the adverse impact of activities - economic or otherwise - of individuals and legal entities on the territory adjacent to this enterprise, as well as the atmosphere and water reserves, including groundwater. Emission limits here are, of course, not the same, and the project takes this into account.
Control over compliance with and achievement of the maximum allowable emissions standards developed for the project can be carried out by the enterprise itself, which has its own production control, but most often it is more reliable to entrust this to the Department of Rosprirodnadzor, which exercises state control.
Project approval
Agreethe drawn up project is to be submitted to Rospotrebnadzor and many other authorities. The stages of this path are as follows:
- mandatory obtaining an expert opinion on the draft MPE in the relevant state authorities;
- obtaining a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion from Rospotrebnadzor;
- examination and approval of the MPE project by Rosprirodnadzor.
Thus, the standards for maximum permissible emissions of harmful substances into soil, water and air will be observed. Each enterprise is a stationary source of such pollution. The MPE project will work correctly only if all technical standards are taken into account, as well as background pollution, environmental and hygienic standards are not exceeded, and critical loads are not allowed on the entire ecological system of the given territory.
